
Class __T'p .30^1 

Book iili_2u„_ 

CopightW 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



CAMBRIA STEEL CO. 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



STEEL AXLES AND FORCINGS. 



STEEL AXLES. 

Passenger Car, Freight Car, Tender Truck, 
Engine Truck, Driving, Street Car, 

Mine Car, Etc. . . . ;, 



CRANK PINS, PISTON RODS AND 
GENERAL FORQINQS. 



1903 



-f-^ 



c 



^ 



ft ^ 






Copyright, 1903, by Cambria Steel Co. 



3-^5^(0^, 



PRESS OF 

MacCalla & Co. Inc., 

PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 



This edition of our handbook relating to Axles 
and Forgings, contains all the data of the first 
edition, which, however, has been corrected where 
necessary and revised to conform with present prac- 
tice, and it also contains a considerable amount of 
new matter regarding the properties of, and specifi- 
cations for, these materials. 

Explanations have been introduced showing the 
superiority of steel as compared with iron for car 
axles, the advantages of smooth forged axles as 
compared with rough turned axles, and the better 
wearing qualities of steel axles. 

A comprehensive table has been added showing 
all the principal dimensions and the weights of the 
Master Car Builders and Pennsylvania Railroad 
standard axles, besides which, detailed drawings of 
each of these axles are given on separate pages, so 
that reference to all or any one of them is easily 
made. 

Other new matter which has been introduced 
consists of tables of dimensions, and rules for the 
proportions, of bolts and nuts, tables of weights of 
square and round bars per running inch up to ^6 
inches thickness or diameter, tables of weights of 
flat rolled steel bars per lineal foot, and various 
other useful tables and engineering formulae, all of 
which have been carefully prepared and arranged in 
a manner thought best to insure accuracy and con- 
venience in use. 



CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 



GENERAL OFFICE : 

Arcade Building, S. E. Cor. Fifteenth and flarlcet Sts. 

PHILADELPHIA. 



Works at Johnstown, Pa. 



OTHER OFFICES 



NEW YORK : 
Empire Building, 71 Broadway. 

CHICAGO : 
Western Union Building, Comer of Clark and Jackson Streets. 

CINCINNATI : 
Union Trust Building, Comer of Fourth and Walnut Streets. 

BOSTON : 
Mason BuUding, 70 Kilby Street. 

ST. LOUIS : 
Chemical Building, Corner of Eighth and Olive Streets. 

TOLEDO : 
Nasby Building, Comer of Huron and Madison Streets. 

CLEVELAND : 
Hickox Building, Comer of Euclid Avenue and Erie Street. 

PITTSBURG : 
Park Building, Comer of Fifth Avenue and Smithfield Street. 

ATLANTA : 
Century Building, Comer of Whitehall and Alabama Streets. 

SAN FRANCISCO: 
17-23 Beale Street. 

TACOMA : 
1501 Pacific Avenue. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



Ingots, 
Billets, Blooms and Slabs. 



Merchant Steel, 
Squares, Rounds, Flats, Plates, etc. 



STRUCTURAL STEEL. 

Beams, Channels, Angles, T-Bars and Z-Bars. 



FINISHED STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK. 

Steel Work for Buildings, including Beams, Girders, 

Columns, Roof Trusses, etc., fitted complete 

and ready for erection. 



STEEL FREIGHT CARS. 

Gondola, Hopper-Gondola, Hopper, Flat, etc. 



STEEL RAILS. 



Steel T-Rails, 8 lbs. to 100 lbs. per yard. 

Angle and Plain Splice Bars. 

Standard and Special Track Bolts and Nuts. 

For detailed information, see T-Rail Catalogue. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



QAUTIER DEPARTMENT 

of 

CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 

Merchant Bar Steel, 

Including Tire, Toe Calk, Machinery, Carriage Spring, 
Baby Carriage Spring, Eailroad Spring, Hoe, Rake, 
Fork, Forging, Bolt, Rivet, etc. 

Agricultural Steel and Shapes, 

Finger Bars, Knife Backs, Rake Teeth, Bundle Carrier 
Teeth, Tedder Forks and Springs, Spring Harrow 
Teeth, Harrow (Drag) Teeth, Seat Springs, etc. 

Plow Steel, 

Bars and Slabs (Penn and Pernot), Flat and Finished 
Plow Shapes, Digger Blades, Hammered Lay, Rolled 
Lay, etc. 

Cold Rolled Steel, 

Rounds, Squares, Flats, Shafting and Special Shapes. 

Steel Discs with Rolled Bevel, 

10" to 20'' diameter for Harrows, Drills, Cultivators, 
etc. 23" to 28^" diameter for Plows. 

Pressed Steel Seats for Agricultural Implements. 

For Gautier Steel Department Products not listed 
herein, see special Catalogue, or address, 

QAUTIER DEPARTHENT, 
Cambria Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Axles, Crank Pins, Piston Rods and Forgings will be furnished of 
carbon steel or nickel steel, as required, and are annealed or treated by 
our Coffin toughening Process (patented), as specified. 

Particular attention is called to our Coffin Process of treatment for 
toughening Axles, Crank Pins, Piston Rods and other forgings. 

Crank Pins and Piston Rods are also furnished oil-tempered and 
annealed ; other small Forgings will be if desired. 

For special purposes, and where the extra cost is warranted, nickel 
steel is well adapted for use, on account of its relatively high elastic 
limit and ductility, as may be seen upon reference to the specifications on 
the following pages. 

The Cambria Steel Company early recognized the fact that, in addition 
to using care in the selection of the materials for making steel and the 
conduct of manufacture of same, it also improves Axles and similar 
forgings to subject them to a proper heat treatment after the forging 
process is completed. 

As various parts of an Axle or forging are of different dimensions, and 
are not all worked and finished at exactly the same temperature, internal 
strains are produced which can only be relieved and equalized by subse- 
quent heat treatment. When the work of forging is finished the steel 
does not ordinarily possess the best physical properties of which it is 
capable, but these can be improved to a remarkable degree by proper 
heat treatment thereafter. 

The principal points of the theory of Chernofif, amplified and expounded 
by Brinell, and further studied and put into practical use by Mr. John Coffin 
of the Cambria Steel Company, are as follows : If steel be heated to a cer- 
tain temperature W, nearly all its carbon changes to hardening carbon 
quite suddenly, and if the steel be cooled slowly from the temperature 
W, the carbon remains in the hardening state until a somewhat lower tem- 
perature V is reached, when it changes again to non-hardening carbon. 

In conducting his preliminary experiments on these lines, Mr. John 
Coffin showed that if a small bar of axle steel be heated to the tempera- 
ture W, and cooled as rapidly as possible, in water or otherwise, to the 
temperature Y, and then allowed to cool slowly until cold, it will give a 
perfectly amorphous fracture. No crystal nor crystal forms will be visible 
under a powerful glass. It will be very tough and ductile, and have a 
very high elastic limit. 

With a knowledge of these facts, the proper apparatus and skilful 
manipulation, the Cambria Steel Company is prepared to give various 
forms of heat treatment to Axles and the smaller forgings to produce the 
excellent qualities shown in the specifications presented herein. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



SPECIFICATIONS. 

The specifications herein give the qualities required in Forgings and 
Axles, and refer particularly to the sizes made by the Cambria Steel Com- 
pany. The properties stated in the following specifications are the same 
as those which have been recently adopted as standards by the American 
Society for Testing Materials, which is affiliated with, and forms the 
American Section of, the International Association for Testing Materials, 



STEEL FORGINGS. 

PROCB^S OP MAKUFACrVRK. 

1. Steel for forgings may be made by the open-hearth, crucible, or 
Bessemer process. 



chbthicai^ prophrxihs. 

2. There will be four classes of steel forgings which shall conform to 
the following limits in chemical composition : 





Forgings of 


Forgings of 


Forgings of 


Forgings of 




soft or low 


carbon steel. 


carbon steel. 


nickel steci.oil- 




carbon steel. 


not annealed. 


oil-tempered 
or annealed. 


tempered or 
annealed. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Phosphorus shall 










not exceed . . . 


0.10 


0.06 


0.04 


0.04 


Sulphur shall not 










exceed .... 


0.10 


0.06 


0.04 


0.04 


Nickel 




• • 


• • 


3.00-4.00 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 7 


Specifications for Steel Porgings.— Continued. 


PHVSICAI. PROPKRXIHS OK CAMBRIA SXEHI. 
FORCINGS. 

Note. — For properties of Axles, see the following pages. 

Tensile Xests. 

3. The minimum physical qualities required of the different-sized 
Forgings of each class shall be as follows : 


1 


"w So 

c a 




5| 


« ° * 




Lbs. per sq. in. 


Per cent. 


Soft Steel or Low Carbon 

Steel. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 10". 


58,000 


29,000 


28 


35 


2 


75,000 


37,500 

Elastic 

limit. 

40,000 


18 


30 


Carbon Steel, Not Annealed. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 10". 


3 


80,000 


22 


35 


Carbon Steel, Annealed. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 10". 


4 


75,000 


37,500 


23 


35 


No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 15". 


5 


90,000 


55,000 


20 


45 


Carbon Steel. Oil-Tempered. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 3". 


6 


85,000 


50,000 


22 


45 


For rectangular sections not exceed- 
ing 6" in thickness. 


7 


80,000 


45,000 


23 


40 


For rectangular sections not exceed- 
ing 10" in thickness. 


8 


80,000 


50,000 


25 


45 


Nickel Steel, Annealed. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 10". 


9 


80,000 


45,000 


25 


45 


No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 15". 


10 


95,000 


65,000 


21 


50 


Nickel Steel, Oil-Tempered. 
No diameter or thickness of section 
to exceed 3". 


11 
12 


90,000 


60,000 


22 


50 


For rectangular sections not exceed- 
ing 6" in thickness. 


85,000 


55,000 


24 


45 


For rectangular sections not exceed- 
ing 10" in thickness. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPATTY. 



STEEL AXLES. 

PROCKSS OK MANUKACXUK.E. 

1. Steel for axles shall be made by the open-hearth process. 



CII£I»IICAI^ PROPKRXICS. 

2. There will be three classes of steel axles which shall conform to the 
following limits in chemical composition : 





Car, engine truck 

and tender truck 

axles. 

Per cent. 


Driving-wheel 

axles. 

(Carbon steel.) 

Per cent. 


Driving-wheel 

axles. 

(Nickel steel.) 

Per cent. 


Phosphorus shall not ex- 
ceed 

Sulphur shall not exceed . 

Nickel 


0.06 
0.06 


0.06 

0.06 


0.04 

0.04 

3.00-4.00 







PHVSICALr PROPHRXIKS. 

Tensile Tests. 

3. For car, engine truck and tender truck axles no tensile test shall 
be required. 

4. The minimum physical qualities required in the two classes of 
driving-wheel axles shall be as follows : 



Driving-wheel 

axles. 
(Carbon steel.) 



Driving-wheel 

axles. 
(Nickel steel.) 



Tensile strength, pounds per sq. in. . 

Yield point, pounds per sq. in. . . . 

Elongation, per cent, in two inches . 

Contraction of area, per cent. . . . 



80,000 

40,000 

18 



80,000 
50,000 

26 

45 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



Specifications for Steel Axles.— Continued- 



Drop Xest. 

5. One axle selected from each melt, when tested by the drop test de- 
scribed in paragraph No. 9, shall stand the number of blows at the 
height specified in the following table without rupture and without ex- 
ceeding, as the result of the first blow, the deflection given. Any melt 
failing to meet these requirements will be rejected. 



Diameter of axle 




Height of drop. 


Deflection, 


at center. 


Number of blows. 


Feet. 


Inches, 


Inches. 








4K 


5 


24 


8K 


4% 


5 


26 


8>^ 


4tV 


5 


28K 


8)^ 


4X 


5 


31 


8 


4X 


5 


34 


8 


5% 


5 


43 


7 


6X 


7 


43 


5M 



6. Carbon steel and nickel steel driving-wheel axles shall not be subject 
to the above drop test. 

XBSX PIKCKS A]KD MHXHODS OK XHSXING. 

Test Specimen for Tensile Xest. 

7. The standard turned test specimen, one-half inch (3^") diameter and 
two inch (2") gauged length, shall be used to determine the physical 
properties specified in paragraph No. 4, It is shown in the following 
sketch. 




10 CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 



Specifications for Steel Axles. — Continued. 



Plumber and I^ocatiou of Tensile Specimens. 

8. For driving axles one longitudinal test specimen shall be cut from 
one axle of each melt. The center of this test specimen shall be half- 
way between the center and outside of the axle. 



Drop Xest Described. 

9. The points of supports on which the axle rests during tests must be 
three feet apart from center to center ; the tup must weigh 1,640 pounds ; 
the anvil, which is supported on springs, must weigh 17,500 pounds ; it 
must be free to move in a vertical direction ; the springs upon which it 
rests must be twelve in number, of the kind described on drawing; and 
the radius of supports and of the striking face on the tup in the direction 
of the axis of the axle must be five (5) inches. When an axle is tested it 
must be so placed in the machine that the tup will strike it midway 
between the ends, and it must be turned over after the first and third 
blows, and, when required, after the fifth blow. To measure the deflec- 
tion after the first blow prepare a straight-edge as long as the axle, by 
reinforcing it on one side, equally at each end, so that when it is laid on 
the axle, the reinforced parts will rest on the collars or ends of the axle, 
and the balance of the straight-edge not touch the axle at any place. 
Next place the axle in position for test, lay the straight-edge on it, and 
measure the distance from the straight-edge to the axle at the middle 
point of the latter. Then after the first blow, place the straight-edge on 
the now bent axle in the same manner as before, and measure the dis- 
tance from it to that side of the axle next to the straight-edge at the point 
farthest away from the latter. The difference between the two meas- 
urements is the deflection. The report of the drop test shall state the 
atmospheric temperature at the time the tests were made. 



CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 11 



Specifications for Steel Axles.— Concluded. 



irield Point. 

10. The yield point specified in paragraph No. 4 shall be determined 
by the careful observation of the drop of the beam, or halt in the gauge 
of the testing machine. 

Sample for Chemical Analysis. 

11. Turnings from the tensile test specimen of driving axles, or drill- 
ings taken midway between the center and outside of car, engine and 
tender truck axles, or drillings from the small test ingot, if preferred by 
the inspector, shall be used to determine whether the melt is within the 
limits of chemical composition specified in paragraph No. 2. 

fi:nisii. 

12. Axles shall conform in sizes, shapes and limiting weights to the 
requirements given on the order or print sent with it. They shall be 
made and finished in a workmanlike manner, and shall be free from all 
injurious cracks, seams or flaws. In centering, sixty (60) degree centers 
must be used, with clearance given at the point to avoid dulling the shop 
lathe centers. 

BRA3fDI]KG. 

13. Each axle shall be legibly stamped with the melt number and 
initials of the maker at the places marked on the print or indicated by 
the inspector. 

IBiSPKCTIOK. 

14. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have all reasonable 
facilities afforded to him by the manufacturer to satisfy him that the fin- 
ished material is furnished in accordance with these specifications. All 
tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture, prior to 
shipment. 



12 



CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 



FACTS CONCERNING 
STEEL TBEATED BY THE COFFIN PROCESS. 

(PAXEKJXED.) 

The elastic limit is increased to a marked degree. 

The percentage of elongation is as great as or greater than before, and 
the reduction of area is considerably increased. 
The ultimate strength is slightly increased. 
A remarkable degree of toughness is obtained. 
The steel is changed from a crystalline to an amorphous form. 
The initial stresses are reduced to the minimum. 
Uniformity of structure, texture and strength are obtained. 



TESTS OF AXLE STEEL 
IN NATURAL CONDITION AND AFTER TREAT- 
MENT BY THE COFFIN PROCESS. 







Tensile 


Yield Point. 


Elongation. 


Contraction 




No 


Strength. 


Lbs. per Sq. 


Per Cent, in 


of Area. 






Lbs. per Sq. 
In. 


In. 


2 In. 


Per Cent. 


Natural 


3 


77,800 


38,700 


24.0 


39.0 


Coffin Treated . . . 


3 


80,800 


47,000 


24.0 


42.0 


Natural 


4 


82,540 


46,800 


24.0 


33.0 


Coffin Treated . . . 


4 


85,900 


53,000 


25.0 


40.0 


Natural . . . Surface 


8 


77,130 


41,100 


24.0 


47.0 


Coffin Treated " 


8 


86,620 


56,000 


26.0 


59.0 


Natural . . . Center 


8 


76,100 


39,600 


24.0 


41.0 


Coffin Treated 


8 


84,230 


50,740 


28.0 


57.0 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



13 



MICRO-PHOTOGRAPHS. 



Fig. 1. 



Fig. 2, 





Steel before Touglieiiiiig. 



Steel after Toughening. 



Although the increase in elastic limit, as shown by the tests, is remark- 
able, it is not enough to measure all the superiority of the toughened 
piece of steel. The untoughened pieces were coarse, crystalline, with 
very bright cleavage surfaces, and had that structure which breaks very 
easily on sudden shocks, while the toughened pieces would not break 
under a blow of any character until they had been distorted enough to 
account for breakage from the data of the tensile tests. 



14 CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



SUPERIORITY OF STEEL AS COMPARED TVITH 
IRON FOR OAR AXLES. 

The principal requirements for the material of car axles, is ample 
strength to successfully resist the imposed stresses that are ordinarily pro- 
duced in regular service, combined with such other properties as will 
enable it to withstand exceptional stresses at times without serious results, 
in addition to which, the journal wear and the difficulties arising therefrom, 
must be reduced to the minimum. 

The comparative merits of iron and steel for car axles is a question 
which has engrossed the attention of railroad officials and axle makers for 
a long period of time ; until now the accumulated experience of many 
years has demonstrated the superiority of steel over iron for this purpose. 
Steel is more homogeneous, more ductile, and more uniform, chemi- 
cally and physically, than iron, besides which, it has a much higher elastic 
limit and tensile strength, and the combination of these good qualities in 
a steel axle, gives it a much greater power of resistance against the shocks, 
vibrations and reversals of stresses encountered in service ; furthermore, 
being denser and harder, it possesses better wearing qualities with less 
friction. 

Iron, on the other hand, with its lack of homogeneity, soon develops 
an inherent weakness in resisting the stresses induced by increasing train 
loads, while even the best iron axles, almost invariably develop longi- 
tudinal seams in the journals resulting in greater wear, increased friction 
and hot boxes. As iron is not homogeneous, the tendency of the wear 
and the twisting action is to separate the fibres of the metal and to develop 
longitudinal seams and rough spots, such that the surface soon becomes 
very unsuitable for the face of a journal. 

While the art of steel-making has been perfected more and more year 
after year, the materials and skill for making the best quality of iron on 
the contrary, have retrograded and at the present time a good grade of 
iron is scarce, so that it is therefore more expensive than steel, because of 
the difficulty of obtaining the quality of No. 1 scrap necessary ; the scrap 
now available being composed of inferior iron intermixed with pieces of 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 15 



steel which produces imperfect welds and irregularities in the finished 
article. 

In the early days of steel axles, it was found that there were some un- 
accountable breakages and fractures, although chemical analysis showed 
that the material was normal in these respects. The unsatisfactory be- 
havior of steel as first used was, however, soon accounted for in several 
ways. 

While a hammer of light weight had been sufficiently powerful for 
building up an iron axle from comparatively small bars by the process of 
hammer welding at a high heat, it proved entirely inadequate for forging 
the steel axle, which is not built up from small bars, but is reduced from a 
solid billet considerably larger than the finished axle, and at a lower tem- 
perature than that used in welding and forging iron. Furthermore, the • 
hammer being too light, the effect was not sufficiently powerful to pro- 
duce, in the axle, that homogeneous structure so essential in a forging 
subjected to heavy alternating stresses such as a car axle undergoes in 
service. The internal condition of the resulting forging was, to a certain 
extent, rendered visible by the appearance of the end thereof, which was 
concave, thus showing conclusively that only the surface metal was affected 
and stretched by the superficial effect of the light hammer, leaving 
the central portion in its rough crystalline state and the whole much weak- 
ened by internal strains. In order to remedy these defects, heavier ham- 
mers were used and these produced a distinct improvement, shown by the 
fact that the end of the forging was now convex, indicating that the cen- 
tral portion of the forging had received proper working, but the steel still 
gave unsatisfactory results, which further study proved was due to the 
internal stresses set up in the material by unequal heating and working. 

In the process of forging no two blows are given under the same con- 
ditions. The metal is cooling slightly between each blow, so that it can 
safely be said that no two parts of an axle are forged at exactly the same 
temperature, and after the completion of the hammering the material is 
consequently in a state of initial stress. This was made evident by the 
action of certain locomotive axles, which, after cutting the key ways 
therein, thus relieving the strains in the external fibres, would often become 
distorted. 

Temperature, then, being greatly responsible for the difficulty described. 



16 CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



it was sought to relieve that disturbed state by annealing, but whereas 
ordinary annealing relieved the forging strains, it left the material sensibly 
softer and lacking in the requisite stiffness, while it did not entirely elim- 
inate the coarse structure resulting from the crystallization produced by 
the temperature required for forging. 

A realization of the importance of having a fine structure and a high 
elastic limit in forgings, such as car axles which are subjected to wear as 
well as to severe alternating tension and compression stresses, led to further 
experiments which resulted in the invention of the Coffin process by 
means of which the elastic limit possessed by the steel before annealing^ 
is not only recovered, but is also increased, leaving the ductility and ten- 
sile strength practically unchanged, while it also relieves the forging strains 
and produces a fine structure. 

The Coffin process, now so well known, has been applied to an immense 
number of axles, crank pins and piston rods which are giving excellent 
service on the leading railroads of America and elsewhere. 

SUPERIORITY OF SMOOTH-FORGED AXLES AS 
COMPARED WITH ROUGH-TURNED AXLES, 
Tests made upon a lot of 53/^-inch x 10-inch journal steel axles to deter- 
mine the relative strength of smooth-forged and rough-turned axles 
showed that in those of the carbon content usually furnished in axles of 
this size, the smooth-forged axles successfully withstood 42 per cent, more 
blows under the drop test than the rough-turned axles, all other condi- 
tions being the same. 

Other tests made at our works by the inspector of a prominent railroad, 
showed that a smooth-forged steel axle with 5)^ -inch x 10-inch journal 
and 5^-inch diameter at the center, successfully withstood S/o times as 
many blows as a rough-turned axle of same dimensions, both being from 
the same heat of steel, and both having had the same treatment, the only 
difference being that one was smooth-forged and the other rough-turned. 
From these tests it appears that the smooth-forged axles are stronger 
than the rough-turned, one of the reasons therefor being that, in this 
rough-turning, the skin, which is the best part of the material, is removed, 
whereas in the smooth -forged axles this portion is retained. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



17 



SUPERIOR "WEARING- QUALITIES OF STEEL 
AXLES. 

A series of wearing tests were made as described below, the method 
used being such as to obtain a fair comparison between steel and iron car 
axles, with special reference to the wear of the journals. 

These tests were made on small 1-inch cubes cut from the wheel-seat 
portions of the axles and near the surface, the wearing face of the cubes 
being the portfons adjacent to the outer surfaces of the axles. The cubes 
were all planed and finished accurately to 1-inch dimensions, and care- 
fully weighed before and after testing. 

The tests were made on a Riehle abrasion testing-machine, on a hard, 
smooth steel disk, about 12 inches in diameter, which revolves in a hori- 
zontal plane at the rate of about 60 revolutions per minute. The cubes 
are held in a frame and rest on this disk, the pressure being obtained by 
a weighted lever above. A cone motion moves the cube and frame in 
and out over the disk, to which is attached a revolution-counter. The 
tests were all made on the same disk, and under a pressure of 50 pounds 
per square inch. The number of revolutions in all cases was 200,000, 
taking about eight days' time. Two sets of tests were made on each 
cube and gave practically the same results. 

A graphical representation of the results of this series is given clearly 
in the diagram below, from which the superiority of steel for this purpose 
is plainly evident. 

COMPARATIVE ^WEAR 

I^oss in per cent t 8 clays run, 200,000 revolutions 
Rielile atsrasion testing macliine 



)% 



2%t-4%|-6%j-8%M0% 



Eastern Scrap 



Loss 



in 



weighl 



Western Scrap 



Miljck Bar 



iessemer 



Bessenieri 



Dp.en 



Open 



3 



Hearth 



Helarth 



12% 



Iron 



ron 

I 



14% 



Axles 



Axles 



Mill Scrap) 



Untreated 



16% 



=13.3% 



18% 



percenT 



fougljienecl (jCcftin P|rocess) 

f 12 7% 



Untreated! 



1,0.3%! I 1 
Foiljghened Dy the Coffin Process 



2mr2Z'M 



24% 



22 8% 



= 21.1% 



= 9.1% 
17 9% 



18 CAMBKIA 


STEEL COMPANY. 


PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OP 


M. O. B. AND P. : 


R. R. STANDARD AXF.ES. 




"*" 




n 


1 


^1 








^ 


1 






e": ] 


Ti 


IM 




6 Mill k li 


? G 


i. 




i 


+ 




i 


J : i 


, i \l \ 


H- 


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Size of 






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31 
1 


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DIMENSIONS IN INCHES. 


400 


E 1 F 


G 
4f 


H 


I 

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J 

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K 

4^ 


L 

71 


M 

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46 




41 


P 

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75 


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A 


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Axles 


B 


4Ax 8 


5i 


A 


51 


2 


H 


7| 


5^ 


481 


4a 


841 


75 


505 


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C 


5 X 9 




3. 


6^ 


2 


6t 


7J 


6* 


47 


5| 


86 


76 


680 


ofl900. 


D 


5^x10 


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3 
4 


6f 


2 


6^ 


7| 


6H 


46 


6i 


88i 


77 


815 


M.C.B. 


A 


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4f 


5 


43 


^ 


H 


71 


5| 


47 


^ 


831 


75 


425 


Axles 


B 


4ix 8 


4 


A 


4 


2 


5? 


71 


5f 


47 


4f 


841 
86* 


75 


535 


Standard 


C 


5x9 


6^ 


a 


6i 


2 


^ 


7| 


6l 


47 


4 

5| 


76 


700 


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D 


5^x10 


61 


3 

4 


6| 


2 


7 


7i 


7 


46 


88i 


77 


830 


M.O.B. 


A 


3fx 7 


^ 


1 


4f 


^ 


5* 


7i 


4^ 


46 


4? 


83;f 


75 


410 


Axles 


B 


4ix 8 


H 


1 


5| 


2 


5f 


7| 


5tI 


46 


84t 


75 


520 


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C 


5x9 


u 


3 


6* 


2 


6+ 


7i 




46 


5| 


86f 


76 


685 


of 1902. 


D 


51x10 


6| 


4 


6f 


2 


7 


7i 


6f 


46 


5| 


88^ 


77 


820 


P.R.R. 


2B 


3|x 7 


4^ 


1 


4^ 


2i 


51 


7i 


5* 


46 


4tV 


83 


74f 


440 




4B 


4|x 8 


5- 


4 


H 


2 


5f 


7t 


^t 


46 


4f 


841 


75 


519 


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4A 


4ix 8 


5^ 


^ 


5.1 


21 


5f 


7t 


46 


4f 


86 


76f 


535 




6A 


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4 


61 


2 


6^ 


71 


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86i 


76 


680 


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7 


5JxlO 


6^ 


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7 


7i 


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88^ 


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820 


Note.— Tables show finish 


ed s 


zes. Rough-turned sizes are about %'' larger. 


Weights stated are for axles r 


ough 


-turned on journals and wheel seats. 





CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 


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CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 


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86 




CAMBBIA STEEL COMPANY. 






DIMENSIONS OF BOLTS AND NUTS. 








Franklin Institute Standard. 




Bolts and Threads. 


Rough Nuts and Heads. 


^ 


-s 


•s 


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1 


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1 


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t 


20 


.185 


.0062 


.049 


.027 


^ 


.707 


.577 


I 


i 


t\ 


18 


.240 


.0070 


.077 


.045 


-:| 


.840 


.686 


T5 


ll 


t 


16 


.294 


.0078 


.110 


.068 




.972 


.794 




1-1 


^ 


14 


.344 


.0089 


.150 


.093 


f 


1.105 


.902 


p 


II 


r 


13 


.400 


.0096 


.196 


.126 


1.238 


1.010 






12 


.454 


.0104 


.249 


.162 


U 


1.370 


1.119 


t 


t? 


11 


.507 


.0113 


.307 


.202 


ItV 


1.503 


1.227 


1^ 


a 


10 


.620 


.0125 


.442 


.302 


H 


1.768 


1.443 


J 


1 


9 


.731 


.0140 


.601 


.420 


ItV 


2.033 


1.660 


11 


1 


8 


.837 


.0156 


.785 


.550 


ll 


2.298 


1.876 




tI 


H 


7 


.940 


.0180 


.994 


.694 


HI 


2.563 


2.093 


n 


II 




7 


1.065 


.0180 


1.227 


.893 


2 


2.829 


2.309 


i| 




|i 


6 


1.160 


.0210 


1.485 


1.057 


2r\ 


3.094 


2.526 




h\ 


1^ 


6 


1.284 


.0210 


1.767 


1.295 


H 


3.359 


2.742 


i| 


1^ 




^ 


1.389 


.0227 


2.074 


1.515 


9 


3.624 


2.959 


il 


IjS" 


\3. 


b' 


1.490 


.0250 


2.405 


1.744 


21 


3.889 


3.175 


If 


iff 


1- 


5 


1.615 


.0250 


2.761 


2.048 


w 


4.154 


3.392 


2' 


^ 


1.712 


.0280 


3.142 


2.302 


4.420 


3.608 


2 




2i 


4 


1.962 


.0280 


3.976 


3.023 


3| 


4.950 


4.042 


2i 


li 


2l 


i' 


2.175 


.0310 


4.909 


3.715 


H 


5.480 


4.475 


4 

2f 


ill 


2| 


4 


2.425 


.0310 


5.940 


4.619 


4| 


6.011 


4.908 




3' 


H 


2.629 


.0357 


7.069 


5.428 


6.541 


5.341 


3 


1 


3i 


H 


2.879 


.0357 


8.296 


6.510 


5 


7.071 


5.774 


H 


3| 


H 


3.100 


.0384 


9.621 


7.548 


5| 


7.602 


6.207 


^ 


w 


3| 


2 


3.317 


.0410 


11.045 


a641 


5f 


8.132 


6.640 


3| 


4' 


3 


3.567 


.0410 


12.566 


9.993 


8.662 


7.073 


4 


3tV 


4i- 


2| 


3.798 


.0435 


14.186 


11.329 


Qk 


9.193 


7.506 


4 


H 


4| 


2| 


4.028 


.0460 


15.904 


12.743 


6ft 


9.723 


7.939 


%v 


4! 


2] 


4.255 


.0480 


17.721 


14.220 


7i 


10.253 


8.372 


4f 


31 


6^ 


4 


4.480 


.0500 


19.635 


15.763 


7t 


10.784 


8.805 


5 


3H 


^1 


2^ 


4.730 


.0500 


21.648 


17.572 


8 


11.314 


9.238 


H 


4 




4.953 


.0526 


23.758 


19.267 


^ 


11.844 


9.671 


H 

5a 


tt 


4 


1 


5.203 


.0526 


25.967 


21.262 


m 


12.375 


10.104 


6' 


5.423 


.0555 


28.274 


23.098 9J 


12.905 


10.537 


6 14?^ 1 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 37 

xlLTIiES FOR PROPORTIONS OF BOLTS AND 
NUTS. 

Franklin Institute Standard. 

A -TV- A A 60* A 



The dimensions of nuts and bolts are determined by the following 
rules, which apply to both square and hexagon. 

Short diameter of rough nut = li X diameter of bolt -|- | in. 

Short diameter of finished nut z= 1 J X diameter of bolt -|- ^^ in. 

Thickness of rough nut = diameter of bolt. 

Thickness of finished nut = diameter of bolt — Jj in. 

Short diameter of rough head ==: 1^ x diameter of bolt -j- | in. 

Short diameter of finished head = 1| X diameter of bolt -f- -^^ in. 

Thickness of rough head = ^ of short diameter of head. 

Thickness of finished head = diameter of bolt — ^s- in. 

In 1864, a committee of the Franklin Institute recommended the 
above system of screw threads and bolts which was devised by Mr. 
William Sellers, of Philadelphia. This system as far as it relates to 
screw threads is generally used in the United States, but the propor- 
tions of bolt heads and nuts are not adhered to because the sizes of bar 
required to make the nuts are special and extra work is necessary to 
make the bolt heads. 



38 


CAMBBIA STEEL COMPANY. 




■WEIGHTS OP SQUARE AND ROUND BARS PER 




RUNNING INCH. 








One cubic inch of steel weighs 0.2 


833 lb. 




Thickness or 






Thickness or 






Diameter 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Diameter 


Weight of 


Weight of 


in Inches. 


DBar. 


CBar. 


in Inches. 


D Bar. 


O^Bar. 








2 


1.13 


.89 


tV 


, 


, , 


tV 


1.21 


.95 


i 




, 


i 


1.28 


1.01 


t\ 


.bi 




A 


1.36 


1.07 


i 


.02 


.01 


i 


1.43 


1.13 


A 


.03 


.02 


fV 


1.52 


1.19 


f 


.04 


.03 


f 


1.60 


1.26 


tV 


.05 


.04 


z 


1.68 


1.32 


i 


.07 


.06 


i 


1.77 


1.39 


A 


.09 


.07 


A 


1.86 


1.46 


f 


.11 


.09 


f 


1.95 


1.54 


H 


.13 


.11 


H 


2.05 


1.61 


1 


.16 


.13 


f 


2.14 


1.69 


if 


.19 


.15 


if 


2.24 


1.76 


1 


.22 


.17 


i 


2.34 


1.84 


ii 


.25 


.20 


if 


2.44 


1.92 


1 


.28 


.22 


3 


2.55 


2.01 


tV 


.32 


.25 


tV 


2.66 


2.09 


i 


.36 


.28 


i 


2.77 


2.18 


t\ 


.40 


.31 


A 


2.88 


2.26 


1 


.44 


.35 


i 


2.99 


2.35 


A 


.49 


.38 


fV 


3.11 


2.44 


f 


.54 


.42 


f 


3.23 


2.53 


7 


.58 


.46 


A 


3.35 


2.63 


i 


.64 


.50 


i 


3.47 


2.73 


A 


.69 


.54 


i\ 


3.60 


2.82 


1 


.75 


.59 


f 


3.72 


2.92 


a 


.81 


.63 


if 


3.85 


3.03 


1 


.87 


.68 


f 


3.98 


3.13 


if 


.94 


.73 


if 


4.12 


3.23 


i 


1.00 


.78 


i 


4.25 


3.34 


if 


1.06 


.84 


if 


4.39 


3.45 





CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 


39 




SQUARE AND 


ROUND 


BARS. 








(CONTINUED.) 






Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
DBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


Thi«kness or 
Diameter 
in laches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


4 

tV 


4.53 
4.68 
4.82 
4.97 


3.57 
3.67 
3.79 
3.90 


6 

t 


10.20 
10.41 
10.63 
10.85 


8.01 
8.18 
8.35 
8.52 


i 


5.12 
5.27 
5.42 
5.58 


4.02 
4.14 
4.26 
4.38 


i 


11.07 
11.29 
11.51 
11.74 


8.69 
8.87 
9.04 
9.22 




5.74 
5.90 
6.06 
6.23 


4.51 
4.63 
4.76 
4.89 


1 


11.97 
12.20 
12.43 
12.67 


9.40 
9.58 
9.77 
9.95 


1 


6.39 
6.56 
6.73 
6.91 


5.02 
5.15 
5.29 
5.42 


t 


12.91 
13.15 
13.39 
13.64 


10.14 
10.33 
10.52 
10.71 


5 

t 


7.08 
7.26 
7.44 
7.62 


5.56 
5.70 
5.84 
5.99 


7 

1 


13.88 
14.13 
14.38 
14.64 


10.90 
11.10 
11.30 
11.50 


i 


7.81 
8.00 
8.19 
8.38 


6.13 
6.28 
6.43 
6.58 


i 


14.89 
15.15 
15.41 
15.67 


11.70 
11.90 
12.10 
12.31 


1 


8.57 
8.77 
8.96 
9.16 


6.73 
6.88 
7.04 
7.20 


1 


15.94 
16.20 
16.47 
16.74 


12.52 
12.73 
12.94 
13.15 


t 


9.37 
9.57 
9.78 
9.99 


7.36 
7.52 
7.68 
7.84 


t 


17.02 
17.29 
17.57 
17.85 


13.36 
13.58 
13.80 
14.02 



40 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


8 

i 


18.11 
18.42 
18.70 
18.99 


14.24 
14.46 
14.69 
14.92 


10 


28.33 
28.69 
29.04 
29.41 


1 


19.28 
19.58 
19.87 
20.17 


15.14 
15.38 
15.61 
15.84 


A 
A 


29.77 
30.13 
30.50 
30.87 


1 


20.47 
20.77 
21.08 
21.38 


16.08 
16.31 
16.55 
16.79 


1 


31.24 
31.61 
31.98 
32.36 


1 


21.69 
22.00 
22.31 
22.63 


17.04 
17.28 
17.53 
17.77 


f 

if 


32.74 
33.12 
33.51 
33.89 


9 

1 


22.95 
23.27 
23.59 
23.91 


18.02 
18.27 
18.53 
18.78 


11 

t 


34.28 
34.67 
35.06 
35.46 




24.24 
24.57 
24.90 
25.23 


19.04 
19.30 
19.56 
19.82 


i 


35.86 
36.26 
36.66 
37.06 




25.57 
25.91 
26.25 
26.59 


20.08 
20.35 
20.61 
20.88 


1 


37.47 
37.88 
38.29 
38.70 


A 


26.93 
27.28 
27.63 
27.98 


21.15 
21.42 
21.70 
21.97 


t 


39.12 
39.53 
39.95 
40.37 





CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 


41 




SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 






(CONTINUED.) 






Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


12 


40.80 
41.65 
42.52 
43.39 


32.04 
32.71 
33.39 
34.08 


16 


72.53 
73.67 
74.81 
75.97 


56.96 
57.86 
58.76 
59.66 


f 
f 
1 


44.27 
45.16 
46.06 
46.96 


34.77 
35.47 
36.17 
36.88 


f 
1 

i 


77.13 
78.31 
79.49 
80.68 


60.58 
61.50 
62.43 
63.36 


13 

i 
1 


47.88 
48.81 
49.74 
50.68 


37.60 
38.33 
39.06 
39.80 


17 

1 


81.88 
83.09 
84.30 
85.53 


64.30 
65.25 
66.21 
67.17 


1 


51.63 
52.59 
53.56 
54.54 


40.55 
41.31 
42.07 
42.84 


I 


86.77 
88.01 
89.26 
90.52 


68.14 
69.12 
70.10 
71.09 


14 

f 


55.53 
56.53 
57.53 

58.54 


43.62 
44.39 
45.18 
45.98 


18 


91.79 
93.07 
94.36 
95.66 


72.09 
73.10 
74.11 
75.13 


3 


59.57 
60.60 
61.64 
62.69 


46.78 
47.59 
48.41 
49.23 


t 

8 


96.96 

98.28 

99.60 

100.94 


76.15 
77.19 
78.22 
79.27 


15 

1 


63.75 
64.81 
65.89 
66.97 


50.06 
50.90 
51.75 
52.60 


19 

i 
i 
f 


102.28 
103.63 
104.99 

106.35 

1 


80.32 
81.39 
82.45 
83.53 


1 

7 


68.07 
69.17 
70.28 
71.40 


53.46 
54.32 
55.20 
56.08 


1 

i 


107.73 
109.12 
110.51 
111.91 


84.61 
85.70 
86.79 
87.89 



42 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


20 


113.33 
114.75 
116.18 
117.62 


89.00 
90.12 
91.24 
92.37 


24 

1 


163.19 
164.89 
166.61 
168.33 


128.16 
129.50 
130.85 
132.20 


1 


119.06 
120.52 
121.98 
123.46 


93.51 
94.65 
95.80 
96.96 


1 


170.06 
171.80 
173.55 
175.31 


133.57 
134.93 
136.30 
137.68 


21 

■ 


124.94 
126.43 
127.93 
129.44 


98.13 

99.30 

100.48 

101.66 


25 


177.07 
178.85 
180.63 
182.42 


139.07 
140.46 
141.86 
143.27 


1 


130.96 
132.49 
134.03 
135.57 


102.85 
104.05 
105.26 
106.47 


1- 

i. 

i 


184.23 
186.04 
187.86 
189.68 


144.68 
146.11 
147.54 
148.97 


22 


137.12 
138.69 
140.26 
141.84 


107.69 
108.92 
110.15 
111.40 


26 

1 

r 


191.52 
193.37 
195.22 
197.09 


150.41 
151.86 
153.32 
154.78 


1 

f 


143.43 
145.03 
146.63 
148.25 


112.64 
113.90 
115.16 
116.43 


f 
1 


198.96 
200.84 
202.73 
204.63 


156.25 
157.73 
159.22 
160.71 


23 


149.88 
151.51 
153.15 
154.81 


117.71 
118.99 
120.28 
121.58 


27 

1 


206.54 
208.45 
210.38 
212.31 


162.21 
163.71 
165.22 
166.74 


1 


156.46 
158.13 
159.81 
161.49 


122.88 
124.19 
125.51 
126.83 


1 

f 
1 


214.26 
216.21 
218.17 
220.14 


168.27 
169.80 
171.34 
172.89 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



43 



SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


Thickness or 
Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
nBar. 


Weight of 
OBar. 


28 

i 
i 
f 


222.12 
224.11 
226.10 
228.11 


174.44 
176.01 
177.57 
179.15 


32 


290.11 
292.39 
294.67 
296.95 


227.85 
229.63 
231.42 
233.22 


1 


230.12 
232.15 
234.18 
236.22 


180.73 
182.32 
183.91 
185.52 


1 


299.25 
301.56 
303.87 
306.20 


235.02 
236.83 
238.65 
240.48 


29 


238.27 
240.33 
242.39 
244.47 


187.13 
188.74 
190.37 
192.00 


33 

i- 


308.53 
310.87 
313.22 
315.58 


242.31 
244.15 
245.99 
247.85 


f 


246.56 
248.65 
250.75 
252.86 


193.64 
195.28 
196.93 
198.59 


1 


317.95 
320.33 
322.71 
325.11 


249.71 
251.57 
253.45 
255.33 


30 


254.98 
257.11 
259.25 
261.40 


200.25 
201.93 
203.61 
205.29 


34 


327.51 
329.93 
332.35 
334.78 


257.22 
259.11 
261.01 
262.92 


f 
f 
J 


263.55 

265.72 
267.89 
270.07 


206.99 
208.69 
210.39 
212.11 


j 


337.22 
339.66 
342.12 
344.59 


264.84 
266.76 
268.69 
270.63 


31 


272.27 
274.47 
276.68 
278.89 


213.83 
215.56 
217.29 
219.03 


35 

f 


347.06 
349.54 
352.04 
354.54 


272.57 
274.52 
276.48 
278.44 


1 


281.12 
283.36 
285.60 
287.85 


220.78 
222.54 
224.30 
226.07 


1 


357.05 
359.57 
362.09 
364.63 


280.41 
282.39 
284.38 
286.37 



44 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



STANDARD DECIMAL G-AUGE. 









Weight per 


Square Foot 


StATiflard 


Thickness in 
Fractions 


Approximate 
Thickness 


in Pounds, 


Avoirdupois. 


Decimal Gauge 


IRON. 


STEEL. 








Basis— 480 


Basis-489.6 


ia Inches. 


of an Inch. 


in Millimetres. 


Pounds per Cubic 
Foot. 


Pounds per CuMo 
Foot. 


.002 


1-500 


.05080010 


.08 


.0816 


.004 


1-250 


.10160020 


.16 


.1632 


.006 


3-500 


.15240030 


.24 


.2448 


.008 


1-125 


.20320041 


.32 


.3264 


.010 


1-100 


.25400051 


.40 


.4080 


.012 


3-250 


.30480061 


.48 


.4896 


.014 


7-500 


.35560071 


.56 


.5712 


.016 


2-125(^+) 


.40640081 


.64 


.6528 


.018 


9-500 


.45720091 


.72 


.7344 


.020 


1-50 


.50800102 


.80 


.8160 


.022 


11-500 


.55880112 


.88 


.8976 


.025 


1-40 


.63500127 


1.00 


1.0200 


.028 


7-250 


.71120142 


1.12 


1.1424 


.032 


4-125(5V+) 


.81280163 


1.28 


1.3056 


.036 


9-250 


.91440183 


1.44 


1.4688 


.040 


1-25 


1.01600203 


1.60 


1.6320 


.045 


9-200 


1.14300229 


1.80 


1.8360 


.050 


1-20 


1.27000254 


2.00 


2.0400 


.055 


11-200 


1.39700280 


2.20 


2.2440 


.060 


3-50 (i^) 


1.52400305 


2.40 


2.4480 


.065 


13-200 


1.65100330 


2.60 


2.6520 


.070 


7-100 


1.77800356 


2.80 


2.8560 


.075 


3-40 


1.90500381 


3.00 


3.0600 


.080 


2-25 


2.03200406 


3.20 


3.2640 


.085 


17-200 


2.15900432 


3.40 


3.4680 


.090 


9-100 


2.28600457 


3.60 


3.6720 


.095 


19-200 


2.41300483 


3.80 


3.8760 


.100 


1-10 


2.54000508 


4.00 


4.0800 


.110 


11-100 


2.79400559 


4.40 


4.4880 


.125 


1-8 


3.17500630 


5.00 


5.1000 


.135 


27-200 


3.42900686 


5.40 


5.5080 


.150 


3-20 


3.81000762 


6.00 


6.1200 


.165 


33-200 


4.19100838 


6.60 


6.7320 


.180 


9-50 


4.57200914 


7.20 


7.3440 


.200 


1-5 


5.08001016 


8.00 


8.1600 


.220 


11-50 


5.58801118 


8.80 


8.9760 


.240 


6-25 


6.09601219 


9.60 


9.7920 


.250 


1-4 


6.35001270 


10.00 


10.2000 



The Standard Decimal Gauge has been recently adopted by the Association of 
American Steel Manufacturers, the American Railway Master Mechanics' Associa- 
tion and by about seventy-two of the principal railroads of the United States, 
Canada and Mexico. The decimal system of gauging was recommended by the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1877 and by the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers in 1895. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 45 


WIRE AND SHEET MET AT. GAUG-ES. 


In Decimals of 


an Incb. | 








Washburn & 










Birm- 




Moen Manu 




American 


British 


Kumber 

of 
Gauge. 


inghan 
or 

Stubs 
Iron 
Wire 
Gauge 


^ American oi 

Brown & 

Sharpe 

Wire Gauge 


United States 

Standard Gauge for 

Sheet and Plate 

Iron and Steel 


facturing Co 

and John A. 

Roebling's 

Sons Co. 

Wire 

Gauge. 


Trenton 

Iron Co. 

Wire 

Gauge. 


Screw Co 
Screw 
Wire 
Gauge. 


Imperial 

or English 

Legal 

Standard 
Wire 
Gauge. 


0000000 

000000 

00000 

oooo 






.5 








KfJO 






.46875 


'.4600 " 
.4300 
.3938 


.... 


• . . . 


.ouu 


."454 


.4600*06 


.4375 
.40625 


.450' 
.400 


.... 


.432 




.400 


000 


.425 


.409642 


.375 


.3625 


.360 


.03 is 


.372 


00 


.380 


.364796 


.34375 


.3310 


.330 


.0447 


.348 





.340 


.324861 


.3125 


.3065 


.305 


.0578 


.324 


1 


.300 


.289297 


.28125 


.2830 


.285 


.0710 


.300 


2 


.284 


•S^Z9S'7 


.265625 


.2625 


.265 


.0842 


.276 


3 


.259 


.229423 


.25 


.2437 


.245 


.0973 


.252 


4 


.238 


.204307 


.234375 


.2253 


.225 


.1105 


.232 


5 


.220 


.181940 


.21875 


.2070 


.205 


.1236 


.212 


6 


.203 


.162023 


.203125 


.1920 


.190 


.1368 


.192 


7 


.180 


.144285 


.1875 


.1770 


.175 


.1500 


.176 


8 


.165 


.128490 


.171875 


.1620 


.160 


.1631 


.160 


9 


.148 


.114423 


.15625 


.1483 


.145 


.1763 


.144 


10 


.134 


.101897 


.140625 


.1350 


.130 


.1894 


.128 


11 


.120 


.090742 


.125 


.1205 


.1175 


.2026 


.116 


12 


.109 


.080808 


.109375 


.1055 


.105 


.2158 


.104 


13 


.095 


.071962 


.09375 


.0915 


.0925 


.2289 


.092 


14 


.083 


.064084 


.078125 


.0800 


.0806 


.2421 


.080 


15 


.072 


.057068 


.0703125 


.0720 


.070 


.2552 


.072 


16 


.065 


.050821 


.0625 


.0625 


.061 


.2684 


.064 


17 


.058 


.045257 


.05625 


.0540 


.0525 


.2816 


.056 


18 


.049 


.040303 


.05 


.0475 


.045 


.2947 


.048 


19 


.042 


.035890 


.04375 


.0410 


.040 


.3079 


.040 


20 


.035 


.031961 


.0375 


.0348 


.035 


.3210 


.036 


21 


.032 


.028462 


.034375 


.03175 


.031 


.3342 


.032 


22 


.028 


.025346 


.03125 


.0286 


.028 


.3474 


.028 


23 


.025 


.022572 


.028125 


.0258 


.025 


.3605 


.024 


24 


.022 


.020101 


.025 


.0230 


.0225 


.3737 


.022 


25 


.020 


.017900 


.021875 


.0204 


.020 


.3868 


.020 


26 


.018 


.015941 


.01875 


.0181 


.018 


.4000 


.018 


27 


.016 


.014195 


.0171875 


.0173 


.017 


.4132 


.0164 


28 


.014 


.012641 


.015625 


.0162 


.016 


.4263 


.0148 


29 


.013 


.011257 


.0140625 


.0150 


.015 


.4395 


.0136 


30 


.012 


.010025 


.0125 


.0140 


.014 


.4526 


.0124 


31 


.010 


.008928 


.0109375 


.0132 


.013 


.4658 


.0116 


32 


.009 


.007950 


.01015625 


.0128 


.012 


.4790 


.0108 


83 


.008 


007080 


.009375 


.0118 


.011 


.4921 


.0100 


34 


.007 


006305 


.00859375 


.0104 


.010 


.5053 


.0092 


35 


.005 


005615 


.0078125 


.0095 


.0095 


.5184 


.0084 


36 


.004 


005000 


.00703125 


.0090 


.009 


.5316 


.0076 


37 


. . . 


004453 


.006640625 


.0085 


.0085 


.5448 


.0068 


38 


. . . 


003965 


.00625 


.0080 


.008 


.5579 


.0060 


39 


. . . 


003531 





.0075 


.0075 


.5711 


.0052 


40 . . ' 


003144 1 


.0070 


.007 


.5842 


.0048 


The United States Standard Gauge was leg 


alized by Act of Congress March 3, 
n and steel and is used by the Custom 


1893, as a standard gauge for sheet and plate iro 


House Department and by about forty-five shec 


it and tin-plate manufacturers. 



46 OAMBBIA STEEL COMPANY. 


"WEIGHTS OF SHEETS AND PLATES OF 
STEEL, WROUGHT IRON, COPPER AND BRASS. 


American or Browne & Sharpe Gauge. 


Ho. 

of 

Gauge. 


Thickness 

in 
Inches. 




Weight per Square Foot 




Steel 


Iron. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 

000 

00 


.460000 
.409642 
.364796 


18.7680 
16.7134 
14.8837 


18.4000 
16.3867 
14.5918 


20.8380 
18.5568 
16.6253 


19.6880 
17.5327 
16.6183 




1 

2 
8 
4 


.324861 
.289297 
.257627 
.229423 
.204307 


13.2543 

11.8033 

10.5112 

9.3605 

8.3357 


12.9944 

11.5719 

10.3061 

9.1769 

8.1723 


14.7162 
13.1062 
11.6706 
10.3929 
9.2561 


13.9041 

12.3819 

11.0264 

9.8193 

8.7443 


5 
6 
7 
8 

e 


.181940 
.162023 
.144285 
.128490 
.114423 


7.4232 
6.6105 
5.8868 
5.2424 
4.6685 


7.2776 
6.4809 
5.7714 
5.1396 
4.5769 


8.2419 
7.3396 
6.5361 
5.8206 
5.1834 


7.7870 
6.9346 
6.1764 
6.4994 
4.8973 


10 
11 
13 
13 
14 


.101897 
.090742 
.080808 
.071962 
.064084 


4.1674 
3.7023 
8.2970 
2.9360 
2.6146 


4.0759 
3.6297 
8.2323 


4.6159 
4.1106 
3.6606 
3.2599 
2.9030 


4.8612 

3!4686 
8.0800 
2.7428 


15 

11 

19 


.057068 
.050821 
.045257 
.040303 
.086890 


2.3284 
2.0786 
1.8465 
1.6444 
1.4643 


2.2827 
2.0328 
1.8103 
1.6121 
1.4356 


2.5852 
2.3022 
2.0501 
1.8257 
1.6268 


2.4426 
2.1761 
1.9370 
1.7260 
1.5361 


20 
21 
22 
28 

24 


•031961 
.028462 
.025346 
.022572 
.020101 


1.3040 
1.1612 
1.0341 
.92094 
.82012 


l!l386 
1.0138 
.90288 
.80404 


1.4478 
1.2893 
1.1482 
1.0226 
.91058 


1.3679 
1.2182 
1.0848 

186082 


26 
26 
27 
28 
29 


.017900 
.015941 
.014195 
.012641 
.011257 


.73032 
.66039 
.57916 
.51675 
.46929 


.71600 
.63764 
.56780 
.50564 
.45028 


.81087 
.72213 
.64303 
.67264 
.60994 


.76612 
.68227 
.60756 
.54103 
.48180 


80 
81 
82 
83 
84 


.010025 
.008928 
.007950 
.007080 
.006306 


.40902 
.36426 
.32436 
.28886 
.26724 


.40100 
.36712 
.31800 
.28320 
.26220 


.45413 
.40444 
.36014 
.32072 
.28662 


.42907 
.38212 
.34026 
.30302 
.26986 


85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
40 


.005616 
.005000 
.004463 
.003966 
.003581 
.003144 


.22909 
.20400 
.18168 
.16177 
.14406 
12828 


.22460 
.20000 
.17812 
.15860 
.14124 
.12576 


.25436 
.22650 
.20172 
.17961 


.24032 
.21400 
.19059 
.16970 
.16113 
.13456 


For weights of stee 
Rolled Steel Bars," p 


;l plates y^g" a 
ages 48 to 57. 


nd over in thi 


;kness, see "^ 


V^eights of Flat 





CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 


47 


WEIGHTS OP SHEETS AND PLATES OP 
STEEL, WROUGHT IRON, COPPEJbt AND BRASS. 






Birmingham Gauge. 




5o. 

of 

Gauge. 


Thickness 

in 
Inches. 


Weight pet Square Foot. 


Steel. 


Iron, 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 

°88 


.454 
.425 
.380 


18.5232 
17.3400 
15.5040 


18.16 
17.00 
15.20 


20.5662 
19.2625 
17.2140 


19.4312 
18.1900 
16.2640 


? 

2 
3 

4 


.340 
.300 
.284 
.259 
.238 


13.8720 
12.2400 
11.5872 
10.5672 
9.7104 


13.60 
12.00 
11.36 
10.36 
9.52 


15.4020 
13.5900 
12.8662 
11.7327 
10.7814 


14.5520 
12.8400 
12.1652 
11.0852 
10.1864 


5 
6 

I 

9 


.220 
.203 
.180 
.165 
.148 


8.9760 
8.2824 
7.3440 
6.7320 
6.0384 


8.80 
8.12 
7.20 
6.60 
5.92 


9.966 

9.1959 

8.1540 

eiloll 


9.4160 
8.6884 
7.7040 
7.0620 
6.3344 


10 
11 
12 
13 

14 


.134 
.120 
.109 
.095 
.083 


5.4672 
4.8960 
4.4472 
3.8760 
3.3864 


5.36 
4.80 
4.36 
3.80 
8.32 


6.0702 
5.4360 
4.9377 
4.3035 
3.7599 


5.7352 
5.1360 
4.6662 
4.0660 
8.5524 


15 
16 

\l 

19 


.072 
.065 
.058 
.049 
.042 


2.9376 
2.6520 
2.3664 
1.9992 
1.7136 


2.88 
2.60 
2.32 
1.96 
1.68 


3.2616 
2.9445 
2.6274 
2.2197 
1.9026 


3.0816 
2.7820 
2.4824 
2.0972 
1.7976 


20 
21 
22 
23 
24 


.035 
.032 
.028 
.025 
.022 


1.4280 
1.3056 
1.1424 
1.0200 
.8976 


1.40 
1.28 
1.12 
1.00 
.88 


1.5855 
1.4496 
1.2684 
1.1325 
.9966 


1.4980 
1.3696 
1.1984 
1.0700 
.9416 


25 
26 
27 
28 
29 


.020 
.018 
.016 
.014 
.013 


.8160 
.7344 
.6528 
.5712 
.5304 


.80 

■II 

.56 
.52 


.9060 
.8154 
.7248 
.6342 
.5889 


.8560 
.7704 
.6848 
.6992 
.5564 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


.012 
.010 
.009 
.008 
.007 


.4896 
.4080 
.3672 
.3264 
.2856 


.48 
.40 
.36 
82 
.28 


.5436 
.4530 
.4077 
.3624 
.3171 


.5136 
.4280 
.3852 
.3424 
.2996 


35 
36 


.005 
.004 


.2040 
.1632 


.20 
.16 


.2265 
.1812 


J3140 
.1712 


Speeifio 6r 
Weight of 


ivities 

a Cubic Foot.. 
" Inch.. 


7.85 
489.6 

J3833 


7.70 
480.0 
.2778 


8.72 
543.6 

.3146 


8.24 



48 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



'WEIGHTS OF PLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 
PER LINEAL FOOT. 

One cubic foot of steel weighs 489.6 pounds. 



For thicknesses from -^^ incl 


^to^^ 


inch ai 


id width 


IS from ; 


■ inch to 


finch. 


Thickness 
in Inches. 


i" 


W 


iV 


W 


iV 


H" 


il" 


W 


¥' 


tV 


.053 


.056 


.060 


.063 


.066 


.070 


.073 


.076 


.080 


4 


.066 


.071 


.075 


.079 


.083 


.087 


.091 


.095 


.100 




.080 


.085 


.090 


.095 


.100 


.105 


.110 


.115 


.120 


il 


.093 


.099 


.105 


.110 


.116 


.122 


.128 


.134 


.139 


i 


.106 


.113 


.120 


.126 


.133 


.139 


.146 


.153 


.159 


A 


.120 


.127 


.134 


.142 


.149 


.157 


.164 


.172 


.179 


S 


.133 


.141 


.149 


.158 


.166 


.174 


.183 


.191 


.199 


II 


.146 


.155 


.164 


.173 


.183 


.192 


.201 


.210 


.219 


tV 


.159 


.169 


.179 


.189 


.199 


.209 


.219 


.229 


.239 


II 


.173 


.183 


.194 


.205 


.216 


.227 


.237 


.248 


.259 


K 


.186 


.198 


.209 


.221 


.232 


.244 


.256 


.267 


.279 


II 


.199 


.212 


.224 


.237 


.249 


.261 


.274 


.286 


.299 


i 


.213 


.226 


.239 


.252 


.266 


.279 


.292 


.305 


.319 


u 


.226 


.240 


.254 


.268 


.282 


.296 


.310 


.325 


.339 


S 


.239 


.254 


.269 


.284 


.299 


.314 


.329 


.344 


.359 


II 


.252 


.268 


.284 


.300 


.315 


.331 


.347 


.363 


.379 


5^ 


.266 


.282 


.299 


.315 


.332 


.349 


.365 


.382 


.398 


I'. 


.279 


.296 


.314 


.331 


.349 


.366 


.383 


.401 


.418 


1 ■ . 


.292 


.310 


.329 


.347 


.365 


.383 


.402 


.420 


.438 


M 


.305 


.325 


.344 


.363 


.382 


.401 


.420 


.439 


.458 


1 


.319 


.339 


.359 


.379 


.398 


.418 


.438 


.458 


.478 


M 


.332 


.353 


.374 


.394 


.415 


.438 


.457 


.477 


.498 


.3 


.345 


.367 


.388 


.410 


.432 


.453 


.475 


.496 


.518 


3" 


.359 


.381 


.403 


.426 


.448 


.471 


.493 


.515 


.538 


tV 


.372 


.395 


.418 


.442 


.465 


.488 


.511 


.535 


.558 


1 


.385 


.409 


.433 


.457 


.481 


.506 


.530 


.554 


.578 


1 . 


.398 


.423 


.448 


.473 


.498 


.523 


.548 


.578 


.598 


1 ■ 


.412 


.437 


.463 


.489 


.515 


.540 


.566 


.592 


.618 


^ 


.425 


.452 


.478 


.505 


.531 


.558 


.584 


.611 


.638 


-f 


.438 


.466 


.493 


.520 


.548 


.575 


.603 


.630 


.657 


If 


.452 


.480 


.508 


.536 


.564 


.593 


.621 


.649 


.677 


II 


.465 


.494 


.523 


.552 


.581 


.610 


.639 


.668 


.697 


ri 


.478 


.508 


.538 


.567 


.598 


.628 


.657 


.687 


.717 





CAMBRIA STEEL 


COMPANY. 




49 


WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED STEET, BARS. 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 










(CONTINUED.) 








Thickness 
ia Inches. 


II" 


if" 


U" 


tV 


U" 


w 


U" 


i" 


12" 


tV 


.083 


.086 


.090 


.093 


.096 


.100 


.103 


.106 


2.53 


■i^ 


.104 


.108 


.112 


.116 


.120 


.125 


.129 


.133 


3.19 


■e\ 


.125 


.129 


.134 


.139 


.144 


.149 


.154 


.159 


3.83 


h 


.145 


.151 


.157 


.163 


.169 


.174 


.180 


.186 


4.46 


i 


.166 


.173 


.179 


.188 


.193 


.199 


.206 


.212 


5.10 


A 


.187 


.194 


.202 


.209 


.217 


.224 


.232 


.239 


5.74 


■h 


.208 


.216 


.224 


.232 


.241 


.249 


.257 


.266 


6.38 


11 


.228 


.237 


.247 


.256 


.265 


.274 


.283 


.292 


7.01 


tl 


.249 


.259 


.269 


.279 


.289 


.299 


.309 


.319 


7.65 


.270 


.281 


.291 


.302 


.313 


.324 


.335 


.345 


8.29 


s 


.291 


.302 


.314 


.325 


.337 


.349 


.360 


.372 


8.93 


il 


.311 


.324 


.336 


.349 


.361 


.374 


.386 


.398 


9.56 


i 


.332 


.345 


.359 


.372 


.385 


.398 


.412 


.425 


10.20 


ti 


.353 


.367 


.381 


.395 


.409 


.423 


.437 


.452 


10.84 


i 


.374 


.388 


.403 


.418 


.433 


.448 


.463 


.478 


11.48 


if 


.394 


.410 


.426 


.442 


.457 


.473 


.489 


.505 


12.11 


A 


.415 


.432 


.448 


.465 


.481 


.498 


.515 


.531 


12.75 




.436 


.453 


.471 


.488 


.506 


.523 


.540 


.558 


13.39 


¥2 


.457 


.475 


.493 


.511 


.530 


.548 


.566 


.584 


14.03 


If 


.477 


.496 


.515 


.535 


.554 


.573 


.592 


.611 


14.66 


t 


.498 


.518 


.538 


.558 


.578 


.598 


.618 


.638 


15.30 


11 


.519 


.540 


.560 


.581 


.602 


.623 


.643 


.664 


15.94 


M 


.540 


.561 


.583 


.604 


.626 


.647 


.669 


.691 


16.58 


II 


.560 


.583 


.605 


.628 


.650 


.672 


.695 


.717 


17.21 


1[^^ 


.581 


.604 


.628 


.651 


.674 


.697 


.721 


.744 


17.85 




.602 


.626 


.650 


.674 


.698 


.722 


.746 


.770 


18.49 


"82 


.623 


.647 


.672 


.697 


.722 


.747 


.772 


.797 


19.13 


II 


.643 


.669 


.695 


.721 


.746 


.772 


.798 


.823 


19.76 


^ 


.664 


.691 


.717 


.744 


.770 


.797 


.823 


.850 


20.40 


4 


.685 


.712 


.740 


.767 


.794 


.822 


.849 


.877 


21.04 


ft 


.706 


.734 


.762 


.790 


.818 


.847 


.875 


.903 


21.68 


.726 


.755 


.784 


.813 


.843 


.872 


.901 


.930 


22.31 


.747 


.777 


.807 


.837 


.867 


.896 


.926 


.956 


22.95 



60 


CAMBKIA STEEL 


COMPANY. 




WEIGHTS OF PIiAT ROLLED STEET. BARS. | 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 








(CONTINUED.) 






Thickness 
In Inches. 


If" 


W 


W 


tV 


W 


if" 


II" 


1" 


12'^ 


tV 


.110 


.113 


.116 


.120 


.123 


.126 


.129 


.. . 
.133 


2.53 


i 


.137 


.141 


.145 


.149 


.154 


.158 


.162 


.166 


3.19 


■h 


.164 


.169 


.174 


.179 


.184 


.189 


.194 


.199 


3.83 


.V 


.192 


.198 


.203 


.209 


.215 


.221 


.227 


.232 


4.46 


A 


.219 


.226 


.232 


.239 


.246 


.252 


.259 


.266 


5.10 


.247 


.254 


.261 


.269 


.276 


.284 


.291 


.299 


5.74 


j'l 


.274 


.282 


.291 


.299 


.307 


.315 


.324 


.332 


6.38 


a 


.301 


.310 


.320 


.329 


.338 


.347 


.356 


.365 


7.01 


i\ 


.329 


.339 


.349 


.359 


.369 


.379 


.388 


.398 


7.65 


if 


.356 


.367 


.378 


.388 


.399 


.410 


.421 


.432 


8.29 


t\ 


.383 


.395 


.407 


.418 


.430 


.442 


.453 


.465 


8.93 


*l 


.411 


.423 


.436 


.448 


.461 


.473 


.486 


.498 


9.56 


i 


.438 


.452 


.465 


.478 


.491 


.505 


.518 


.531 


10.20 


¥ 


.466 


.480 


.494 


.508 


.522 


.536 


.550 


.564 


10.84 




.493 


.508 


.523 


.538 


.553 


.568 


.583 


.598 


11.48 


if 


.520 


.536 


.552 


.568 


.584 


.599 


.615 


.631 


12.11 


i\ 


.548 


.564 


.581 


.598 


.614 


.631 


.647 


.664 


12.75 


If 


.575 


.593 


.610 


.628 


.645 


.662 


.680 


.697 


13.39 


.603 


.621 


.639 


.657 


.676 


.694 


.712 


.730 


14.03 


II 


.630 


.649 


.668 


.687 


.706 


.725 


.745 


.764 


14.66 


1 


.657 


.677 


.697 


.717 


.737 


.757 


.777 


.797 


15.30 


ft 


.686 


.706 


.726 


.747 


.768 


.789 


.809 


.830 


15.94 




.712 


.734 


.755 


.777 


.799 


.820 


.842 


.863 


16.58 


u 


.740 


.762 


.784 


.807 


.829 


.852 


.874 


.896 


17.21 


d 


.767 


.790 


.813 


.837 


.860 


.883 


.906 


.930 


17.85 


.794 


.818 


.843 


.867 


.891 


.915 


.939 


.963 


18.49 


If 


.822 


.847 


.872 


.896 


.921 


.946 


.971 


.996 


19.13 


It 


.849 


.875 


.901 


.926 


.952 


.978 


1.00 


1.03 


19.76 


^ 


.877 


.903 


.930 


.956 


.983 


1.01 


1.04 


1.06 


20.40 


ft 


.904 


.931 


.959 


.986 


1.01 


1.04 


1.07 


1.10 


21.04 




.931 


.960 


.988 


1.02 


1.04 


1.07 


1.10 


1.13 


21.68 


1 


.959 


.988 


1.02 


1.05 


1.07 


1.10 


1.13 


1.16 


22.31 


A 


.986 


1.02 


1.05 


1.08 


1.11 


1.14 


1.17 


1.20 


22.95 





CAMBRIA STEEL 


COMPANY. 




51 


WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 










(CONTINUED.) 








Thickness 
in Inches. 


i¥' 


M" 


H" 


W 


W 


w 


II" 


3// 

4 


12" 


■^^ 


.136 


.139 


.143 


.146 


.149 


.153 


.156 


.159 


2.53 


5t 


.170 


.174 


.178 


.183 


.187 


.191 


.195 


.199 


3.19 


K 


.204 


.209 


.214 


.219 


,224 


.229 


.234 


.239 


3.83 


l\ 


.238 


.244 


.250 


.256 


.261 


.267 


.273 


.279 


4.46 


i 


.272 


.279 


.286 


.292 


.299 


.305 


.312 


.319 


5.10 


A 


.306 


.314 


.321 


.329 


.336 


.344 


.351 


.359 


5.74 


K 


.340 


.349 


.357 


.365 


.374 


.382 


.390 


.398 


6.38 


H 


.374 


.383 


.393 


.402 


.411 


.420 


.429 


.438 


7.01 


ft 


.408 


.418 


.428 


.438 


.448 


.458 


.468 


.478 


7.65 


.442 


.453 


.464 


.475 


.486 


.496 


.507 


.518 


8.29 


n 


.476 


.488 


.500 


.511 


.523 


.535 


.546 


.558 


8.93 


.510 


.523 


.535 


.548 


.560 


.573 


.585 


.598 


9.56 


i 


.545 


.558 


.571 


.584 


.598 


.611 


.624 


.638 


10.20 


¥ 


.578 


.593 


.607 


.621 


.635 


.649 


.663 


.677 


10.84 




.613 


.628 


.642 


.657 


.672 


.687 


.702 


.717 


11.48 


If 


.647 


.662 


.678 


.694 


.710 


.726 


.741 


.757 


12.11 


ft 


.681 


.697 


.714 


.730 


.747 


.764 


.780 


.797 


12.75 


.715 


.732 


.750 


.767 


.784 


.802 


.819 


.827 


13.39 


II 


.749 


.767 


.785 


.804 


.822 


.840 


.858 


.877 


14.03 


If 


.783 


.802 


.821 


.840 


.859 


.878 


.897 


.916 


14.66 


1 


.817 


.837 


.857 


.877 


.896 


.916 


.936 


.956 


15.30 




.851 


.872 


.892 


.913 


.934 


.955 


.975 


.996 


15.94 


13 


.885 


.906 


.928 


.950 


.971 


.993 


1.01 


1.04 


16.58 


k 


.919 


.941 


.964 


.986 


1.01 


1.03 


1.05 


1.08 


17.21 


^-^ 


.953 


.976 


.999 


1.02 


1.05 


1.07 


1.09 


1.12 


17.85 


If 


.987 


1.01 


1.04 


1.06 


1.08 


1.11 


1.13 


1.16 


18.49 


ll 


1.02 


1.05 


1.07 


1.10 


1.12 


1.15 


1.17 


1.20 


19.13 


li 


1.06 


1.08 


1.11 


1.13 


1.16 


1.18 


1.21 


1.24 


19.76 


i 


1.09 


1.12 


1.14 


1.17 


1.20 


1.22 


1.25 


1.28 


20.40 


If 


1.12 


1.15 


1.18 


1.21 


1.23 


1.26 


1.29 


1.31 


21.04 


1.16 


1.19 


1.21 


1.24 


1.27 


1.30 


1.33 


1.35 


21.68 


II 


1.19 


1.22 


1.25 


1.28 


1.31 


1.34 


1.37 


1.39 


22.31 


A 


1.23 


1.26 


1.28 


1.31 


1.34 


1.37 


1.40 


1.43 


22.95 



52 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



■WEIGHTS OP PLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 

PER LINEAL FOOT. 

One cubic foot of steel weighs 489-6 pounds. 
For Thicknesses from ■j3_ in. to 2 in. and Widths from 1 in. to 12| in. 



Thickness 
in Inches. 


1" 


li" 


1^" 


w 


2" 


2i" 


^h" 


2|'^ 


12" 


i\ 


.638 


.797 


.957 


1.11 


1.28 


1.44 


1.59 


1.75 


7.65 


i 


.850 


1.06 


1.28 


1.49 


1.70 


1.91 


2.12 


2.34 


10.20 


A- 


1.06 


1.33 


1.59 


1.86 


2.12 


2.39 


2.65 


2.92 


12.75 




1.28 


1.59 


1.92 


2.23 


2.55 


2.87 


3.19 


3.51 


15.30 


1.49 


1.86 


2.23 


2.60 


2.98 


3.35 


3.72 


4.09 


17.85 


Y 


1.70 


2.12 


2.55 


2.98 


3.40 


3.83 


4.25 


4.67 


20.40 


1% 


1.92 


2.39 


2.87 


3.35 


3.83 


4.30 


4.78 


5.26 


22.95 


\i 


2.12 


2.65 


3.19 


3.72 


4.25 


4.78 


5.31 


5.84 


25.50 


ft 


2.34 


2.92 


3.51 


4.09 


4.67 


5.26 


5.84 


6.43 


28.05 


i 

4 


2.55 


3.19 


3.83 


4.47 


5.10 


5.75 


6.38 


7.02 


30.60 


if 


2.76 


3.45 


4.14 


4.84 


5.53 


6.21 


6.90 


7.60 


33.15 


1 


2.98 


3.72 


4.47 


5.20 


5.95 


6.69 


7.44 


8.18 


35.70 


if 


3.19 


3.99 


4.78 


5.58 


6.38 


7.18 


7.97 


8.77 


38.25 


1 


3.40 


4.25 


5.10 


5.95 


6.80 


7.65 


8.50 


9.35 


40.80 


wv 


3.61 


4.52 


5.42 


6.32 


7.22 


8.13 


9.03 


9.93 


43.35 


l/ 


3.83 


4.78 


5.74 


6.70 


7.65 


8.61 


9.57 


10.52 


45.90 


u\ 


4.04 


5.05 


6.06 


7.07 


8.08 


9.09 


10.10 


11.11 


48.45 


1 i 

^ 4 


4.25 


5.31 


6.38 


7.44 


8.50 


9.57 


10.63 


11.69 


51.00 


itV 


4.46 


5.58 


6.69 


7.81 


8.93 


10.04 


11.16 


12.27 


53.55 


lA 


4.67 


5.84 


7.02 


8.18 


9.35 


10.52 


11.69 


12.85 


56.10 


4.89 


6.11 


7.34 


8.56 


9.78 


11.00 


12.22 


13.44 


58.65 


i/ 


5.10 


6.38 


7.65 


8.93 


10.20 


11.48 


12.75 


14.03 


61.20 


1t^ 


5.32 


6.64 


7.97 


9.30 


10.63 


11.95 


13.28 


14.61 


63.75 


ll 


5.52 


6.90 


8.29 


9.67 


11.05 


12.43 


13.81 


15.19 


66.30 


m 


5.74 


7.17 


8.61 


10.04 


11.47 


12.91 


14.34 


15.78 


68.85 


n 


5.95 


7.44 


8.93 


10.42 


11.90 


13.40 


14.88 


16.37 


71.40 


HI 


6.16 


7.70 


9.24 


10.79 


12.33 


13.86 


15.40 


16.95 


73.95 


i| 


6.38 


7.97 


9.57 


11.15 


12.75 


14.34 


15.94 


17.53 


76.50 


lii 


6.59 


8.24 


9.88 


11.53 


13.18 


14.83 


16.47 


18.12 


79.05 


2 


6.80 


8.50 


10.20 


11.90 


13.60 


15.30 


17.00 


18.70 


81.60 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



53 



WEIGHTS OP PliAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 
PER LINEAL FOOT. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Thickness 
in Inches. 


3" 


3i" 3^" 


3|" 


4// 


4i" 


4-^" 


4f" 


12'' 


t 


1.91 
2.55 


2.07 
2.76 


2.23 
2.98 


2.39 
3.19 


2.55 
3.40 


2.71 
3.61 


2.87 
3.83 


3.03 
4.04 


7.65 
10.20 


1 


8.19 
3.83 
4.46 
5.10 


3.45 
4.15 
4.83 
5.53 


3.72 
4.47 
5.20 
5.95 


3.99 
4.78 
5.58 
6.38 


4.25 
5.10 
5.95 
6.80 


4.52 
5.42 
6.32 

7.22 


4.78 
5.74 
6.70 
7.65 


5.05 
6.06 
7.07 
8.08 


12.75 
15.30 
17.85 
20.40 


'1 


5.74 
6.38 
7.02 
7.65 


6.22 
6.91 
7.60 
8.29 


6.70 
7.44 
8.18 
8.93 


7.17 
7.97 
8.76 
9.57 


7.65 

8.50 

9.35 

10.20 


8.13 

9.03 

9.93 

10.84 


8.61 

9.57 

10.52 

11.48 


9.09 
10.10 
11.11 
12.12 


22.95 
25.50 
28.05 
30.60 


1 


8.29 

8.93 

9.57 

10.20 


8.98 

9.67 

10.36 

11.05 


9.67 
10.41 
11.16 
11.90 


10.36 
11.16 
11.95 
12.75 


11.05 
11.90 
12.75 
13.60 


11.74 
12.65 
13.55 
14.45 


12.43 
13.39 
14.34 
15.30 


13.12 
14.13 
15.14 
16.15 


33.15 
35.70 
38.25 
40.80 


i! 


10.84 
11.48 
12.12 
12.75 


11.74 
12.43 
13.12 
13.81 


12.65 
13.39 
14.13 
14.87 


13.55 
14.34 
15.14 
15.94 


14.45 
15.30 
16.15 
17.00 


15.35 
16.26 
17.16 
18.06 


16.26 
17.22 
18.17 
19.13 


17.16 
18.17 
19.18 
20.19 


43.35 
45.90 

48.45 
51.00 




13.39 
14.03 
14.66 
15.30 


14.50 
15.20 
15.88 
16.58 


15.62 
16.36 
17.10 
17.85 


16.74 
17.53 
18.33 
19.13 


17.85 
18.70 
19.55 
20.40 


18.96 
19.87 
20.77 
21.68 


20.08 
21.04 
21.99 
22.95 


21.20 
22.21 
23.22 
24.23 


53.55 
56.10 
58.65 
61.20 


n 


15.94 
16.58 
17.22 
17.85 


17.27 
17.96 
18.65 
19.34 


18.60 
19.34 
20.08 
20.83 


19.92 
20.72 
21.51 
22.32 


21.25 
22.10 
22.95 
23.80 


22.58 
23.48 
24.38 
25.29 


23.91 

24.87 
25.82 
26.78 


25.24 
26.25 
27.26 
28.27 


63.75 
66.30 
68.85 
71.40 




18.49 
19.13 
19.77 
20.40 


20.03 
20.72 
21.41 
22.10 


21.57 
22.31 
23.06 
23.80 


23.11 
23.91 
24.70 
25.50 


24.65 
25.50 
26.35 
27.20 


26.19 
27.10 
28.00 
28.90 


27.73 
28.69 
29.64 
30.60 


29.27 
30.28 
31.29 
32.30 


73.95 
76.50 
79.05 
81.60 



54 


CAMBRIA ^EEL COMPANY. 






WEIGHTS OP PLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 










(CONTINUED.) 








Thickness 
in Inches. 


5" 

3.19 


61'' 


6^' 


5|" 


e" 


61'' 


6^" 


6f" 


12" 


t\ 


3.35 


3.51 


3.67 


3.83 


3.99 


4.14 


4.30 


7.65 


1 


4.25 


4.46 


4.67 


4.89 


5.10 


5.31 


5.53 


5.74 


10.20 


t\ 


5.31 


5.58 


5.84 


6.11 


6.38 


6.64 


6.90 


7.17 


12.75 


I 


6.38 


6.69 


7.02 


7.34 


7.65 


7.97 


8.29 


8.61 


15.30 


7.44 


7.81 


8.18 


8.56 


8.93 


9.29 


9.67 


10.04 


17.85 


? 


8.50 


8.93 


9.35 


9.77 


10.20 


10.63 


11.05 


11.48 


20.40 


1 


9.57 


10.04 


10.52 


11.00 


11.48 


11.95 


12.43 


12.91 


22.95 


10.63 


11.16 


11.69 


12.22 


12.75 


13.28 


13.81 


14.34 


25.50 


u 


11.69 


12.27 


12.85 


13.44 


14.03 


14.61 


15.20 


15.78 


28.05 


1 


12.76 


13.39 


14.03 


14.67 


15.30 


15.94 


16.58 


17.22 


30.60 


if 


13.81 


14.50 


15.19 


15.88 


16.58 


17.27 


17.95 


18.65 


33.15 


1 


14.87 


15.62 


16.36 


17.10 


17.85 


18.60 


19.34 


20.08 


35.70 


if 


15.94 


16.74 


17.53 


18.33 


19.13 


19.92 


20.72 


21.51 


38.25 


1^^ 


17.00 


17.85 


18.70 


19.55 


20.40 


21.25 


22.10 


22.95 


40.80 


liV 


18.06 


18.96 


19.87 


20.77 


21.68 


22.58 


23.48 


24.39 


43.35 


H 


19.13 


20.08 


21.04 


21.99 


22.95 


23.91 


24.87 


25.82 


45.90 


iX 


20.19 


21.20 


22.21 


23.22 


24.23 


25.23 


26.24 


27.25 


48.45 


u 


21.25 


22.32 


23.38 


24.44 


25.50 


26.56 


27.62 


28.69 


51.00 


ItV 


22.32 


23.43 


24.54 


25.66 


26.78 


27.90 


29.01 


30.12 


53.55 


1 - 


23.38 


24.54 


25.71 


26.88 


28.05 


29.22 


30.39 


31.56 


56.10 


ItV 


24.44 


25.66 


26.88 


28.10 


29.33 


30.55 


31.77 


32.99 


58.65 


U 


25.50 


26.78 


28.05 


29.33 


30.60 


31.88 


33.15 


34.43 


61.20 


1t\ 


26.57 


27.89 


29.22 


30.55 


31.88 


33.20 


34.53 


35.86 


63.75 


u 


27.63 


29.01 


30.39 


31.77 


33.15 


34.53 


35.91 


37.29 


66.30 


lii 


28.69 


30.12 


31.55 


32.99 


34.43 


35.86 


37.30 


38.73 


68.85 


If 


29.75 


31.24 


32.73 


34.22 


35.70 


37.19 


38.68 


40.17 


71.40 


lif 


30.81 


32.35 


33.89 


35.43 


36.98 


38.52 


40.05 


41.60 


73.95 


if 


31.87 


33.47 


35.06 


36.65 


38.25 


39.85 


41.44 


43.03 


76.50 


HI 


32.94 


34.59 


36.23 


37.88 


39.53 


41.17 


42.82 


44.46 


79.05 


2 


34.00 


35.70 


37.40 


39.10 


40.80 


42.50 


44.20 


45.90 


81.60 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



55 



■WEIGHTS OP FLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 
PER LINEAL FOOT. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Thickness 
in Inches. 


7// 
4.46 


7i" 
4.62 


7^" 
4.78 


71" 
4.94 


3" 

5.10 


8|" 

5.26 


8^" 


8|" 


12'' 


t\ 


5.42 


6.58 


7.65 


1 


6.96 


6.16 


6.36 


6.68 


6.80 


7.01 


7.22 


7.43 


10.20 


t\ 


7.44 


7.70 


7.97 


8.23 


8.50 


8.76 


9.03 


9.29 


12.76 


1 


8.93 


9.26 


9.67 


9.88 


10.20 


10.62 


10.84 


11.16 


16.30 


10.41 


10.78 


11.16 


11.63 


11.90 


12.27 


12.64 


13.02 


17.85 


\ 


11.90 


12.32 


12.76 


13.18 


13.60 


14.03 


14.44 


14.87 


20.40 


j\ 


13.39 


13.86 


14.34 


14.82 


15.30 


15.78 


16.26 


16.74 


22.96 




14.87 


15.40 


16.94 


16.47 


17.00 


17.53 


18.06 


18.69 


26.60 


H 


16.36 


16.94 


17.53 


18.12 


18.70 


19.28 


19.86 


20.46 


28.05 


1 


17.86 


18.49 


19.13 


19.77 


20.40 


21.04 


21.68 


22.32 


30.60 


if 


19,34 


20.03 


20.72 


21.41 


22.10 


22.79 


23.48 


24.17 


33.15 


1 


20.83 


21.67 


22.32 


23.06 


23.80 


24.66 


25.30 


26.04 


35.70 


i% 


22.32 


23.11 


23.91 


24.70 


26.50 


26.30 


27.10 


27.89 


38.25 


1 


23.80 


24.66 


26.50 


26.35 


27.20 


28.05 


28.90 


29.75 


40.80 


ItV 


26.29 


26.19 


27.10 


28.00 


28.90 


29.80 


30.70 


31.61 


43.35 


\ 1 


26.78 


27.73 


28.68 


29.64 


30.60 


31.56 


32.52 


33.47 


45.90 


1^ 


28.26 


29.27 


30.28 


31.29 


32.30 


33.31 


34.32 


35.33 


48.46 


u 


29.75 


30.81 


31.88 


32.94 


34.00 


36.06 


36.12 


37.20 


61.00 


lA 


31.23 


32.36 


33.48 


34.59 


35.70 


36.81 


37.93 


39.05 


53.55 


If 


32.72 


33.89 


36.06 


36.23 


37.40 


38.57 


39.74 


40.91 


56.10 


iiV 


34.21 


36.44 


36.66 


37.88 


39.10 


40.32 


41.54 


42.77 


58.65 


U 


36.70 


36.98 


38.26 


39.63 


40.80 


42.08 


43.35 


44.63 


61.20 


lA 


37.19 


38.61 


39.84 


41.17 


42.50 


43.83 


46.16 


46.49 


63.75 


i| 


38.67 


40.06 


41.44 


42.82 


44.20 


45.58 


46.96 


48.34 


66.30 


Hi 


40.16 


41.69 


43.03 


44.47 


45.90 


47.33 


48.76 


60.20 


68.85 


U 


41.66 


43.14 


44.63 


46.12 


47.60 


49.09 


60.58 


52.07 


71.40 


HI 


48.14 


44.68 


46.22 


47.76 


49.30 


50.84 


52.38 


63.92 


73.95 


U 


44.63 


46.22 


47.82 


49.40 


51.00 


62.60 


54.20 


56.79 


76.60 


Hf 


46.12 


47.76 


49.41 


61.05 


52.70 


54.35 


56.00 


67.64 


79.06 


2 


47.60 


49.30 


51.00 


52.70 


54.40 


56.10 


67.80 


69.50 


81.60 



56 


CAMBBIA STEeL COMPANY. 


WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 






(CONTINUED.) 




Thickness 
ii Inches. 


Q" 


9i'f 


9^'^ 


9|" 


10'' 


lOA" 


lOi" 


lOf" 


12" 


t\ 


5.74 


5.90 


6.06 


6.22 


6.38 


6.54 


6.70 


6.86 


7.65 


1 


7.65 


7.86 


8.08 


8.29 


8.50 


8.71 


8.92 


9.14 


10.20 


i\ 


9.56 


9.83 


10.10 


10.36 


10.62 


10.89 


11.16 


11.42 


12.75 


1 


11.48 


11.80 


12.12 


12.44 


12.75 


13.07 


13.39 


13.71 


15.30 


tV 


13.40 


13.76 


14.14 


14.51 


14.88 


15.25 


15.62 


15.99 


17.85 


i 


15.30 


15.73 


16.16 


16.58 


17.00 


17.42 


17.85 


18.28 


20.40 


g 


17.22 


17.69 


18.18 


18.65 


19.14 


19.61 


20.08 


20.56 


22.95 


^I 


19.13 


19.65 


20.19 


20.72 


21.25 


21.78 


22.32 


22.85 


25.50 


tI 


21.04 


21.62 


22.21 


22.79 


23.38 


23.96 


24.54 


25.13 


28.05 


4 


22.96 


23.59 


24.23 


24.86 


25.50 


26.14 


26.78 


27.42 


30.60 


tI 


24.86 


25.55 


26.24 


26.94 


27.62 


28.32 


29.00 


29.69 


33.15 


1 


26.78 


27.52 


28.26 


29.01 


29.75 


30.50 


31.24 


31.98 


35.70 


if 


28.69 


29.49 


30.28 


31.08 


31.88 


32.67 


33.48 


34.28 


38.25 


l'^ 


30.60 


31.45 


32.30 


33.15 


34.00 


34.85 


35.70 


36.55 


40.80 


ItV 


32.52 


33.41 


34.32 


35.22 


36.12 


37.03 


37.92 


38.83 


43.35 


l| 


34.43 


35.38 


36.34 


37.29 


38.25 


39.21 


40.17 


41.12 


45.90 


1x1 


36.34 


37.35 


38.36 


39.37 


40.38 


41.39 


42.40 


43.40 


48.45 


u 


38.26 


39.31 


40.37 


41.44 


42.50 


43.56 


44.63 


45.69 


51.00 


1 5 


40.16 


41.28 


42.40 


43.52 


44.64 


45.75 


46.86 


47.97 


53.55 


l^I 


42.08 


43.25 


44.41 


45.58 


46.75 


47.92 


49.08 


50.25 


56.10 


1 YS' 


44.00 


45.22 


46.44 


47.66 


48.88 


50.10 


51.32 


52.54 


58.65 


u 


45.90 


47.18 


48.45 


49.73 


51.00 


52.28 


53.55 


54.83 


61.20 


ItV 


47.82 


49.14 


50.48 


51.80 


53.14 


54.46 


55.78 


57.11 


63.75 


i| 


49.73 


51.10 


52.49 


53.87 


55.25 


56.63 


58.02 


59.40 


66.30 


Hi 


51.64 


53.07 


54.51 


55.94 


57.38 


58.81 


60.2i 


61.68 


68.85 


11 


53.56 


55.04 


56.53 


58.01 


59.50 


60.99 


62.48 


63.97 


71.40 


111 


55.46 


57.00 


58.54 


60.09 


61.62 


63.17 


64.70 


66.24 


73.95 


1# 


57.38 


58.97 


60.56 


62.16 


63.75 


65.35 


66.94 


68.53 


76.50 


Irl 


59.29 


60.94 


62.58 


64.23 


65.88 


67.52 


69.18 


70.83 


79.05 


2 


61.20 


62.90 


64.60 


66.30 


68.00 


69.70 


71.40 


73.10 


81.60 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 57 


WEIGHTS OP FLAT ROLLED STEEL BARS. 




PER LINEAL FOOT. 




(CONCLUDED.) 


Thickness 
in Inches. 


11" 


Hi" 


11^'/ 


iir' 


12'^ 


12i" 


121" 


12|" 




t 


7.02 
9.34 


7.17 
9.57 


7.32 
9.78 


7.49 
10.00 


7.65 
10.20 


7.82 
10.42 


7.98 
10.63 


8.13 
10.84 


HI 


1 


11.68 
14.03 
16.36 
18.70 


11.95 
14.35 
16.74 
19.13 


12.22 
14.68 
17.12 
19.55 


12.49 
14.99 
17.49 
19.97 


12.76 
15.30 

17.85 
20.40 


13.01 
16.62 
18.23 
20.82 


13.28 
16.94 
18.60 
21.26 


13.55 
16.26 
18.97 
21.67 


Ix . 

o ^ 


4 


21.02 
23.38 
26.70 
28.05 


21.51 
23.91 
26.30 
28.68 


22.00 
24.44 
26.88 
29.33 


22.48 
24.97 
27.47 
29.97 


22.95 
25.60 
28.05 
30.60 


23.43 
26.03 
28.64 
31.26 


23.90 

26.56 
29.22 
31.88 


24.39 
27.09 
29.80 
32.62 




30.40 
32.72 
35.06 
37.40 


31.08 
33.47 
35.86 
38.25 


31.76 
34.21 
36.66 
39.10 


32.46 
34.95 
37.46 
39.95 


33.15 
35.70 
38.25 
40.80 


33.83 
36.44 
39.05 
41.65 


34.63 
37.19 
39.84 
42.50 


35.22 
37.93 
40.64 
43.36 






39.74 
42.08 
44.42 
46.76 


40.64 
43.04 
45.42 
47.82 


41.54 
44.00 
46.44 
48.88 


42.45 
44.94 
47.46 
49.94 


43.35 
45.90 
48.46 
51.00 


44.25 
46.86 
49.46 
52.06 


45.16 
47.82 
60.46 
63.12 


46.06 
48.77 
61.48 
54.19 




It 
It 


49.08 
51.42 
53.76 
56.10 


50.20 
52.59 
54.99 
57.37 


51.32 
53.76 
56.21 
68.65 


52.44 
54.93 
57.43 
59.93 


53.56 
66.10 
68.65 
61.20 


54.67 
57.27 
59.87 
62.48 


55.78 
68.44 
61.10 
63.75 


56.90 
59.60 
62.32 
65.03 


ill" 


It 
if 


58.42 
60.78 
63.10 
65.45 


59.76 
62.16 
64.55 
66.93 


61.10 
63.54 
65.98 
68.43 


62.43 
64.92 
67.42 
69.92 


63.75 
66.30 
68.86 
71.40 


66.08 
67.68 
70.29 
72.90 


66.40 
69.06 

71.72 
74.38 


67.74 
70.44 
73.16 
76.87 


1? 


67.80 
70.12 
72.46 
74.80 


69.33 
71.72 
74.11 
76.50 


70.86 
73.31 
76.76 
78.20 


72.41 
74.90 
77.41 
79.90 


73.95 
76.50 
79.06 
81.60 


75.48 
78.09 
80.70 
83.30 


77.03 
79.69 
82.34 
85.00 


78.57 
81.28 
83.99 
86.70 





58 


CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 




WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 




AVOIRDUPOIS IVKIGOX. 




UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 


Grains. 


Drams. 


Oxmces. 


Pounds. 


Hundred- 
•weigbt. 


Gross Tons. 


1. 

27.34375 
437.5 
70OO. 
784000. 
5680000. 


.03657 1 
1. 
16. 
256. 

28672. 
573440. 


.002286 

.0625 

1. 

16. 

1792. 

35840. 


.000143 
.003906 
.0625 
1. 
112. 
2240. 


.00000128 
.00003488 
.00055804 
.0089286 
1. 
20. 


.000000176 
.000001744 
.00002790 
.0004464 
.05 
1. 




1 pound avoirdupois = 1.215278 pounds troy. 
1 net ton = 2000 pounds = .892857 gross ton. 




TTMOY TVHIGH'T. 




UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 


Grains. 


Pennyweight. 


Ounces. 


Pounds. 


1 

480 
5760 


.041667 
1. 
20. 
240. 


.0020833 
.05 
1. 
12. 


.0001736 
.0041667 
.0833333 
1. 




1 pound troy = .822857 pound avoirdupois, 
175 ounces troy = 192 ounces avoirdupois. 




APOTHBCARIHS* IVEIGHX. 




UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 


Grains. 


Scruples. 


Drams. 


Ounces. 


Pounds. 


1 

20 

60 

480 

5760 


.05 

1. 

3. 

24. 

288. 


.016667 
.333333 

1. 

8. 
96. 


.0020833 
.0416667 
.125 
1. 
12. 


.000173611 
.0034722 
.0104167 
.0833333 
1. 


' 


["he pound, ounce and grain are the same as in troy weight. 




rhe avoirdupois grain = troy grain = apothecaries' grain. 



CAMBKIA STEEIi COMPANY. 



59 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES— Continued. 

UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 



Inches. 


Feet, 


Yards. 


Rods. 


Furlong. 


UQss. 


1 

12 

36 

198 

7920 

63360 


.08333 
1. 
3. 

16.5 
660. 
5280. 


.02778 
.33333 
1. 
5.5 
220. 
1760. 


.0050505 
.0606061 
.1818182 
1. 
40. 
320. 


.00012626 
.00151515 

.00454545 

.025 
1. 
8. 


.00001578 
.00018939 
.00056818 
.003125 
.125 
1. 



ROPK AKo cabi^e: mkasurc:. 

1 inch = .111111 span = .013889 fathom = .0001157 cable's length. 
1 span = 9 inches = .125 fathoni = .00104167 cable's length. 
1 fathom == 6 feet = 8 spans = 72 inches = .008333 cable's length, 
1 cable's length = 120 fathoms = 720 feet = 960 spans = 8640 inches. 

NAITXICAI^ MHASURK. 

1 nautical mile, as adopted by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
equals the length of one minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere whose surface 
equals that of the earth == 6080.204 feet = 1.1516 statute miles. 

1 league = 3 nautical miles = 18240.613 feet. 

GUNXHR'S CHAIIK. 

1 link = 7.92 inches = .01 chain = .000125 mile. 
1 chain = 100 links = 65 feet = 4 rods •■ .0125 mile. 
1 mile = 80 chams = 8000 links. 



SQUARK OR I^A^D MKASI7RK. 

UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 



Square 
Inches. 


Square Feet. 


Square Yards. 


1 
Square Rods. | Acres. 

! 


Square 
Miles. 


1 


.006944 
1. 
9.0 
272.25 
43560. 
27878400. 


.0007716 
.111111 
1. 
30.25 
4840. 
3097600. 








144 








1296 

39204 

6272640 


.03306 
1. 
160. 
102400. 


.0002066 
.00625 
1. 

640. 


'.00000977 
.0015625 
1. 



1 square rood = 40 square rods. 

1 acre = 4 square roods. 

1 square acre = 208.71 feet square. 



60 



CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES— Continued. 



CUBIC OR SOI^ID ]^HASIJR£. 

UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 

1 cubic inch = .0005787 cubic foot = .000021433 cubic yard. 
1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches == .03703704 cubic yard. 
1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet = 46656 cubic inches. 
1 cord of wood = 128 cubic feet = 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet. 
1 perch of masonry = 24.75 cubic feet = 16.5 feet by 1.5 feet by 1 foot, 
usually taken as 25 cubic feet. 



It is 



DRY MEASURE. 

UNITED STATE? ONLY. 



Pints. 


Quarts. 


GaUoQS. 


Pecks. 


Bushels. 


Cubic Inches. 


1 


.50 


.125 


.0625 


.015625 


33.6003125 


2 


]. 


.25 


.125 


.03125 


67.200625 


8 


4. 


1. 


.05 


.125 


268.8025 


16 


8. 


2. 


1. 


.25 


537.605 


64 


32. 


8. 


4. 


1. 


2150.42 



1 heaped bushel 
inches high. 



1.25 struck bushel, and the cone must be not less than 



I^IQUID MEASURE. 

UNITED STATES ONLY. 



GiUs. 


Pints. 


Quarts. 


GaUons. 


Barrels. 


Cubic Inches. 


1 


.25 


.125 


.03125 


.000498 


7.21875 


4 


1. 


.5 


.125 


.003968 


28.875 


8 


2. 


1. 


.25 


.007937 


57.75 


32 


8. 


4. 


1. 


.031746 


231. 


2008 


252. 


126. 


31.5 


1. 


7276.5 



The British imperial gallon = 277.274 cubic inches or 10 pounds avoirdupois 
of pure water at 62° F. and barometer at 30 inches. 

The British imperial gallon = 1.20032 United States gallons. 
1 fluid drachm = 60 minims = .125 fluid ounce = .0078125 pint. 
1 fluid ounce = 480 minims = 8 drachms = .0625 pint. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



61 



^WEIGHTS AND MEASURES— OonGluded. 

METICIC SYSTEM. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH, CAPACiTY AND WEIGHT. 



LENGTH. 


Kilometre. 


Hecto- 
metre. 


Decametre. 


Metre. 


Decimetre. 


Centimetre. 


Millimetre. 


CAPACITY. 


Kilolitre 
or Stere. 


Hectolitre 

or 
Decistere. 


Decalitre 

or 
Centistere. 


Litre 

or 

Miilistere. 


Decilitre. 


Centilitre. 


Millilitre. 


WEIGHT. 


Kilo- 
gramme. 


Hecto- 
gramme, 


Deca- 
gramme. 


Gramme. 


Decigramme. 


Centi- 
gramme. 


Milli- 
gramme. 




1 


10 
1 


100 
10 

1 


1000 

100 

10 

1 
.1 

.0] 
.001 


10000 

1000 

100 

10 

.1 ' 

.01 


100000 

]0000 

lOflO 

100 

10 

1 

.1 


1000000 

100000 

10000 

lOOO 

100 

10 

1 



1 myriametre = 10 kilometres = 10000 metres. 
1 tonne = 1000 kilogrammes = 100 quintals = 10 myriagrammes. 
1 gramme = 1 cubic centimetre of distilled water at its maximum density at sea 
level in latitude of Paris and barometer at 760 millimetres. 
1 litre = 1 cubic decimeter. 



9IKXRIC SYSTEM. 

SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 



Square 
Kilometre. 


Square 
Hectometre 
or Hectare. 


Square 

Deametre 

or Are. 


Square 
Metre or 
Centiare. 


Square 
Decimetre. 


Square 
Centimetre. 


Square 
Millimetre. 


1 


100 


10000 


1000000 










1 


100 


lOOou 


1000000 








.01 


1 


100 


10000 


lOOOOOO 






.0001 


.01 


1 


100 


10000 


1000000 




.100001 


.0001 


.01 


1 


100 


10000 






.000001 


.0001 


.01 


1 


100 








.000001 


.0001 


.01 


1 



1 square myriametre = 100 square kilometres = 100 000 000 square metres. 



METRIC SYSTEM. 

CUBIC MEASURE. 



Cubic Decametre. 


Cubic Metre. 


Cubic Decimetre. 


Cubic Centimetre. 


Cubic Millimetre. 


1 
.001 
.000001 
.000000001 


1000 
1 
.001 
.000001 
.000000001 


1000000 
1000 
1 
.001 
.000001 


1000000000 

1000000 

1000 

1 

.001 


1000000000 

1000000 

1000 

1 



1 cubic metre = 1 kilolitre = 1 stere. 



62 


CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 




TABLES FOR CON V iiJRTINO UNITED STATES 




WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 






CUSTOMARY TO METRIC. 








^Weisrbts. 








Grains 


Troy Ounces 


ivoirdupois 


Avoirdupois 


Net Tons of 


Gross Tons of 


No. 


to 


to 


Ounces 


Pounds to 


2000 Pounds 


2240 Pounds 




Milligramineg. 


Grammes. 


to Grammes. 


Kilosrammes. 


to Tonnes. 


to Tonnes. 


1 


64.79892 


31.10348 


28.34953 


.45359 


.90718 


1.01605 


2 


129.59784 


62.20696 


56.69905 


.90718 


1.81437 


2.03209 


3 


194.89675 


93.31044 


85.04858 


1.36078 


2.75155 


8.04814 


4 


259.19567 


124.41392 


113.39811 


1.81437 


3.62874 


4.06419 


6 


323.99459 


156.51740 


141.74763 


2.26796 


4.53592 


5.08024 


6 


388.79351 


186.62088 


170.09716 


2.72155 


5.44311 


6.09628 


7 


453.59243 


217.72437 


198.44669 


3.17515 


6.35029 


7.11233 


8 


518.39135 


248.82785 


226.79621 


3.62874 


7.25748 


8.12838 


9 


583.19026 


279.93133 


255.14574 


4.08233 


8.16466 


9.14442 


lA 


voirdupois Pound = 


i53.5924277 


Grammes. 






I^lnear 9K 


sasure. 








64thsofan 


Inches 


Feet 


Yards 


SUtute Miles 


Nautical MUes 


Ko. 


Inch to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




Millimetres. 


Centimetres. 


Metres. 


Metres. 


Kilometres. 


Kilometres. 


1 


.39688 


2.54001 


.304801 


.914402 


1.60935 


1.85325 


2 


.79375 


5.08001 


.609601 


1.828804 


3.21869 


3.70650 


3 


1.19063 


7.62002 


.914402 


2.743205 


4.82804 


5.55975 


4 


1.58750 


10.16002 


1.219202 


3.657607 


6.43739 


7,41300 


5 


1.98438 


12.70003 


1.524003 


4.572009 


8.04674 


9.26625 


6 


2.38125 


15.24003 


1.828804 


5.486411 


9.65608 


11.11950 


7 


2.77813 


17.78004 


2.133604 


6.400813 


11.26543 


12.97275 


8 


3.17501 


20.32004 


2.438405 


7.315215 


12.87478 


14.82600 


9 


3.57188 


22.86005 


2.743205 


8.229616 


14.48412 


16.67925 




1 Nautical Mile = 


1853.25 M 


etres. 






1 Gunter's Chain = 


20.1168 1 


Metres. 






1 Fathom r= 


: 1.829 1^ 


I etres. 









CAMBKIA STEEL COMPANY. 


68 


TABLES FOR CONVERTING UNITED STATES 






WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 








METRIC TO CUSTOMARY. 










'^Velgrtits. 








MiUigrammes 


Grammes 


Grammes 


Kilogrammes 


Tonnes to 


Tonnes to 


No. 


to 


to 


to Avoirdupois -to Avoirdupois 


Net Tons of 


Gross Tons of 




Grains. 


Troy Ounces, 


Ounces. Pounds. 


2000 Pounds. 


2240 Pounds. 


1 


,01543 


.03215 


.03527 


2.20462 


1.10231 


.98421 


2 


.03086 


.06430 


.07065 


4.40924 


2.20462 


1.96841 


3 


.04630 


.09645 


.10582 


6.61387 


3.30693 


2.95262 


4 


.06173 


.12860 


.14110 


8.81849 


4.40924 


3.93682 


5 


.07716 


.16075 


.17637 


11.02311 


5.51156 


4.92103 


6 


.09259 


.19290 


.21164 


13.22773 


6.61387 


5.90524 


7 


.10803 


.22506 


.24692 


15.43236 


7.71618 


6.88944 


8 


.12346 


.25721 


.28219 


17.63698 


8.81849 


7.87365 


9 


.13889 


.28936 


.31747 


19.84160 


9.92080 


8.85785 






1 Kilogramme = 15432.35639 G 


rains. 








I^lnear Measure. 








Millimetres 


Centimetres 


Metres 


Metres 


Kilometres 


Kilometres 


No. 


to 64ths of an 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


1 


Inch. 


laches. 


Feet 


Yards. 


Statute MUes. 


Nautical Miles. 


2.51968 


.39370 


3.280833 


1.093611 


.62137 


.53959 


2 


5.03936 


.78740 


6.561667 


2.187222 


1.24274 


1.07919 


3 


7.55904 


1.18110 


9.842500 


3.280833 


1.86411 


1.61878 


4 


10.07872 


1.57480 


13.123333 


4.374444 


2.48548 


2.15837 


5 


12.59840 


1.96850 


16.404167 


5.468056 


3.10685 


2.69796 


6 


15.11808 


2.36220 


19.685000 


6.561667 


3.72822 


3.23756 


7 


17.63776 


2.75590 


22.965833 


7.655278 


4.34959 


3.77715 


8 


20.15744 


3.14960 


26.246667 


8.748889 


4.97096 


4.31674 


9 


22.67712 


3.54330 129.527500 


9.842500 


5.59233 


4.85633 



64 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



TABLES FOR CONVERTING UNITED STATES 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

CUSTOMARY TO METRIC. 

Square Itteasure. 





Square Inches 


Square Feet 


Square Yards 


Acres 


Square Miles 


No. 


to Square 


to 


to 


to 


to Square 




Centimetres. 


Square Metres. 


Square Metres. 


Hectares. 


Kilometres. 


1 


6.45163 


.09290 


.83613 


.40470 


2.59000 


2 


12.90325 


.18581 


1.67226 


.80939 


5.18000 


8 


19.35488 


.27871 


2.50839 


1.21409 


7.77000 


4 


25.80650 


.37161 


3.34452 


1.61879 


10.35999 


5 


32.25813 


.46452 


4.18065 


2.02349 


12.94999 


fi 


38.70975 


.55742 


5.01679 


2.42818 


15.53999 


7 


45.16138 


.65032 


5.85292 


2.83288 


18.12999 


8 


51.61300 


.74323 


6.88905 


3.23758 


20.71999 


9 


58.06463 


.83613 


7.52518 


3.64228 


23.30999 



1 Square Statute Mile = 259.00 Hectares. 







Cubic Pleasure 


• 






Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Feet 


Cubic Yards 




No. 


to 


to 


to 


to 






Cubic Centimetres. 


Cubic Decimetres. 


Cubic Metres. 


Cubic Metres. 




1 


16.38716 


.01639 


.02832 


.76456 




2 


32.77432 


.03277 


.05663 


1.52912 




3 


49.16148 


.04916 


.08495 


2.29368 




4 


65.54864 


.06555 


.11327 


3.05824 




5 


81.93580 


.08194 


.14159 


3.82280 




6 


98.32296 


.09832 


.16990 


4.58736 




7 


114.71013 


.11471 


.19822 


5.35192 




8 


131.09729 


.13110 


.22654 


6.11648 




9 


147.48445 


.14748 


.25485 


6.88104 





CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



65 



TABLES FOR CONVERTING UNITED STATES 
•WEiaHTS AND MEASURES. 



METRIC TO CUSTOMARY. 
Square j^easure. 





Square Centi- 


Square Metres 


Square Metres 


Hectares 


Square Kilo- 


No. 


metres to 


to 


to 


to 


metres to 




Si^uare Inches. 


Square Feet. 


Square Yards. 


Acres. 


Square Miles. 


1 


.15500 


. 10.76387 


1.19599 


2.47104 


.38610 


2 


.31000 


21.52773 


2.39197 


4.94209 


.77220 


3 


.46500 


32.29160 


3.58796 


7.41313 


1.15830 


4 


.62000 


43.05547 


4.78394 


9.88418 


1.54440 


5 


.77500 


53.81934 


5.97993 


12.35522 


1.93050 


6 


.93000 


64.58320 


7.17591 


14.82626 


2.31660 


7 


1.08600 


75.34707 


8.37190 


17.29731 


2.70270 


8 


1.24000 


86.11094 


9.56788 


19.76835 


3.08880 


9 


1.39500 


96.87481 


10.76387 


22.23940 


3.47490 



1 Hectare = .003861 Square Statute Mile. 







Cubic I»leasure. 






Cubic Centimetres 


Cubic Decimetres 


Cubic Metres 


Cubic Metres 




Kg. 


to 


to 


to 


to 






Cubic Inches. 


Cubic Inches. 


Cubic Feet. 


Cubic Yards. 




1 


.06102 


61.02338 


35.31445 


1.30794 




2 


.12205 


122.04676 


70.62891 


2.61589 




3 


.18307 


183.07013 


105.94336 


3.92383 




4 


.24409 


244.09351 


141.25782 


5.23177 




5 


.30512 


305.11689 


176.57227 


6.53971 




6 


.36614 


366.14027 


211.88673 


7.84766 




7 


.42716 


427.16365 


247.20118 


9.15560 




8 


.48819 


488.18702 


282.51564 


10.46354 




9 


.54921 


549.21040 


317.83009 


11.77149 





66 CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 


TABLES FOR CONVERTING- UNITED STATES 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


CUSTOMARY TO METRIC. 


Capacity Measures. 


; 










Fluid Drachms 


Fluid Ounces 




Liquid Quarts 


Gallons 


Gallons 


Bushels 


to Milimtres 


to MilliUtres 


llo. 


to 


to 


to 


to 


or Cubic 


or Cubic 




Litres. 


Litres. 


Cubic Metres. 


HectoUtres. 


Centimetres. 


Centimetres. 


1 


.94636 


3.78543 


.00379 


.35239 


3.69671 


29.57370 


2 


1.89272 


7.57087 


.00757 


.70479 


7.39343 


59.14741 


3 


2.83908 


11.35630 


.01136 


1.05718 


11.09014 


88.72111 


4 i 3.78643 


15.14174 


.01514 


1.40957 


14.78685 


118.29482 


5 


4.73179 


18.92717 


.01893 


1.76196 


18.48357 


147.86852 


6 


5.67815 


22.71260 


.02271 


2.11436 


22.18028 


177.44222 


7 


6.62451 


26.49804 


.02650 


2.46675 


25.87699 


207.01593 


8 


7.57087 


30.28347 


.03028 


2.81914 


29.57370 


236.58963 : 


9 


8.51723 


34.06891 


.03407 


3.17154 


33.27042 


266.16334 


Miscellai 


tieous. 


Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Foot-Pounds 


United States 


; Lineal Foot to 

1 


Square Inch to 


Square Foot to 


Cubic Foot to 


to 


Horsepower 


No. : Kilngranunes 


lilogranunes 


Kilogrammes 


Kilogrammes 


Kilogramme- 


to Metric 


j per Lineal 


per Square 


per Square 


per Cubic 


Metres. 


Horsepower. 


; Metre. 


Centimetre. 


Metre. 


Metre. 






1 


1.48816 


.07031 


4.88241 


16.01837 


.13826 


1.01387 


2 


2.97632 


.14061 


9.76482 


32.03674 


.27651 


2.02775 


3 


4.46448 


.21092 


14.64723 


48.05510 


.41477 


3.04162 


4 


5.95264 


.28123 


19.52963 


64.07348 


.55302 


4.05549 


5 


7.44081 


.35153 


24.41204 


80.09185 


.69128 


5.06937 


6 


8.92897 


.42184 


29.29445 


96.11021 


.82953 


6.08324 


7 


10.41713 


.49215 


34.17686 


112.12858 


.96779 


7.09711 


8 


11.90529 


.56245 


39.05927 


128.14695 


1.10604 


8.11098 


9 13.39345 


.63276 


43.94168 


144.16532 


1.24430 


9.12486 





CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 


67 


TABLES FOR CONVERTING UNITED STATES 




WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 






METRIC TO CUSTOMARY. 






Capacity Measures. 














MilliUtres or 


MilliUtres or 




Litres 


Litres 


Cubic Metres 


Hectolitres 


Cubic Centi- 


Cubic Centi- 


No. 


to 


to 


to 


to 


metres to 


metres to 




Fluid Quarts. 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Bushels 


Fluid Drachms. 


Fluid Ounces. 


1 


1.05668 


.26417 


264.17047 


2.83774 


.27051 


.03381 


2 


2.11336 


.52834 


528.34093 


5.67548 


.54102 


.06763 


3 


3.17005 


.79251 


792.51140 


8.51323 


.81153 


.10144 


4 


4.22673 


1.05668 


1056.68187 


11.35097 


1.08204 


.13526 


5 


5.28341 


1.32085 


1320.85234 


14.18871 


1.35255 


.16907 


6 


6.34009 


1.58502 


1585.02280 


17.02645 


1.62306 


.20288 


7 


7.39677 


1.84919 


1849.19327 


19.86420 


1.89357 


.23670 


8 


8.45345 


2.11336 


2113.36374 


22.70194 


2.16408 


.27051 


9 


9.51014 


2.37753 


2377.53420 


25.53968 1 2.43460 


.30432 




I 


niscellai 


aeons. 






Kilogrammes 


Kilogrammes 


Kilogrammes 


Kilogrammes 


Kilogramme- 


Metric 




per Lineal 


per Square 


per Square 


per Cubic 


Metres 


Horsepower to 


No. 


Metre to 


Centimetre to 


Metre to 


Metre to 


to 


United States 




Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Pounds per 


Foot-Pounds. 


Horsepower. 




Lineal Foot. 


Square Inch. 


Square Foot. 


Cubic Foot. 






1 


.67197 


14.22340 


.20482 


.06243 


7.23300 


.98632 


2 


1.34393 


28.44680 


.40963 


.12486 


14.46600 


1.97264 


3 


2.01590 


42.67020 


.61445 


.18728 


21.69899 


2.95895 


4 


2.68787 


56.89359 


.81927 


.24971 


28.93199 


3.94527 


5 


3.35984 


71.11699 


1.02408 


.31214 


36.16499 


4.93159 


6 


4.03180 


85.34039 


1.22890 


.37457 


43.39799 


5.91791 


7 


4.70377 


99.56379 


1.43372 


.43700 


50.63098 


6.90423 


8 


5.37574 


113.78719 


1.63854 


.49943 


57.86398 


7.89054 


9 


6.04770 


128.01059 


1.84335 


.56185 


65.09698 


8.87686 



68 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



MENSURATION. 

Length. 

Circumference of circle = diameter X 3.1416. 
Diameter of circle = circumference X 0.3183. 
Side of square of equal periphery as circle =r- diameter X 0.7854. 
Diameter of circle of equal periphery as square = side X 1.2732. 
Side of an inscribed square = diameter of circle X 0.7071- 
Length of arc = No. of degrees X diameter X 0.008727. 
Circumference of circle whose diameter is 1 = 
-7r = 3.14159265. 



log. TT == 0.4971499 

|/^ = 1.772454 
t:^ =. 9.869604 

C2 

v^ + T 



2v 




= 0.318310 



-,= 0.101321 



- = 0.564190 



or very near-y, = 



8v 



o = 1 "^'^ — ^^ — (^ — ^) 



X — \ r2 — ^ ; or, very nearly, = g^ 



Area. 
Triangle = base X half perpendicular height. 
Parallelogram = base X perpendicular height. 
Trapezoid = half the sum of the parallel sides X perpendicular 

height. 
Trapezium, found by dividing into two triangles. 
Circle = diameter squared X 0.7854 ; or, = circumference squared 

X 0.07958. 
Sector of circle =r length of arc X ^lalf radius. 



CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 69 

Segment of circle = area of sector of equal radius — triangle when 
segment is less, and + triangle when segment is greater than the 
semicircle; also for flat segments very nearly = 



4v , 

+ T 



f^( 



Side of square of equal area as circle = diameter X 0.8862 ; also, 

= circumference X 0.2821. 
Diameter of circle of equal area as square =: side X 1.1284. 
Parabola = base X f height. 

Ellipse = long diameter X short diameter x 0.7854. 
Regular polygon = sum of sides X half perpendicular distance from 

center to sides. 
Cylinder = circumference X height -\- area of both ends. 
Sphere = diameter squared X 3.1416; 

also, = circumference X diameter. 
Segment of sphere = height of segment X circumference of sphere 

of which it is a part -(- area of base. 
Right pyramid or cone = periphery or circumference of base X half 

slant height. 
Frustum of a regular right pyramid or cone = sum of peripheries or 

circumferences of the two ends X half slant height -f area of 

both ends. 

Solid Contents. 

Prism, right or oblique, = area of base X perpendicular height. 
Cylinder, right or oblique, = area of section at right angles to sides 

X length of side. 
Sphere = diameter cubed X 0.5236 ; also, = surface X I- diameter. 
Segment of sphere = (height squared -j- three times the square of 

radius of base) x (height X 0.5236). 
Side of an equal cube = diameter of sphere x 0.806. 
Length of an equal cy.inder = diameter of sphere X 0.6567. 
Pyramid or cone, right or oblique, regular or irregular, = area of 

base X j perpendicular height. 
Frustum of cone = multiply area of two ends together, extract the 

square root; add to this root the two areas and X •§■ a'titude. 



1 

70 CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. 



INDEX. 



Axle steel, tests of, in natural condition and after treatment by the Coffin 

Process 12 

Axles, comparative wear . . . 17 

and forg-ings specifications. General information 6 

M. C. B. and P. R. R. standard, principal dimensions of .... 18 

Master Car Builders' Association, standard of 1900, dimensions of . 19-22 

" " 1901, " " . 23-26 

" " 1902, " " . 27-30 

Pennsylvania R. R. Co.'s standard, dimensions of 31-35 

superiority of smooth-forged as compared with rough-turned axles 16 

Bolts and nuts, Franklin Institute standard .... 36, 37 

Brass, weights of sheets and plates of. 46,47 

Copper, " " " 46, 47 

Dimensions of axles. Master Car Builders' Association, standard of 1900 . 19-22 

" " " " " " " " 1901 . 23-26 

" " » >^ '< " '. " 1902. 27-30 

" " " Pennsylvania R. R. Co.'s standard 31-35 

" " bolts and nuts ... 36 

Flat rolled steel bars, weights of, per lineal foot 48-57 

Forcings and axles specifications. General information 6 

Gauge, table of standard decimal. . 44 

Gauges, table of U. S. standard, for wire and sheet metal 45 

Iron for car axles, superiority of steel as compared with 14 

Master Car Builders' Association, standard axles, dimensions of. . 19-30 
** " " " " " principal dimen- 
sions of . . , 18 

ISIensuration 68, 69 

Micro-Photographs of steel before and after treatment by the Coffin 

Process 13 

Nuts, Franklin Institute standard 36, 37 

Pennsylvania R. R. Co.'s standard axles, dimensions of 31-35 

" " " " *• principal dimensions of . ... 18 

Plates and sheets of steel, wrought iron, copper and brass, weights of . , A&, 47 

Round bars, weights of, per running inch 38-43 

Standard axles, M. C. B. and P. R. R., principal dimensions of. ... . 18 

" " Master Car Builders' Association, dimensions of , . . 19-30 

" " Pennsylvania R. R. Co., dimensions of 31-35 

" decimal gauge 44 

Sheet metal and wire gauges .... 45 

Sheets and plates of steel, wrought iron, copper and brass, weights of . . 46, 47 

Square bars, weights of, per running inch 38-43 

Steel axles, specifications 8-11 

" " superior wearing qualities of 17 

" bars, weights of flat rolled, per lineal foot 48-57 

" forgings, specifications 6, 7 

" micro-photographs of, before and after treatment by the Coffin 

Process 13 

" superiority of, as compared with iron for car axles 14 

" tests of axle, in natural condition and after treatment by the Coffin 

Process 12 

•' treated by the Coffin Process, facts concerning 12 

" weights of sheets and plates of . . 46, 47 

Tests of axle steel in natural condition and after treatment by the Coffin 

Process ... .... 12 

Weights and measures 58-61 

" ** " tables for converting Metric to U. S 63,65,67 

" " " U. S. to Metric 62, 64, 66 

" of flat rolled steel bars, per lineal foot 48-57 

" of sheets and plates of steel, wrought iron, copper and brass . , 46,47 

" of square and round bars, per running inch 38-43 

Wire and sheet metal gauges. ... 45 

Wrought Iron, weights of sheets and plates of. 46,47 



OCT 27 1903 



